{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:46:38Z","timestamp":1777643198115,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAMA Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rabbit is the primary animal model used to investigate aspects of nasal surgery. Although several studies have used this model, none has provided a comprehensive analysis of the surgical anatomy and techniques used to gain access to the rabbit nasal fossae and septum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe and optimize the surgical anatomy and approach to the rabbit nasal vault and septal cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In an ex vivo animal study conducted at an academic medical center, preliminary cadaveric dissections were performed on rabbit head specimens to establish familiarity with relevant anatomy and rehearse various approaches. Live\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>\n                      -free New Zealand white rabbits (3.5-4.0\u2009kg) were used to further develop this surgical technique developed here. Access of the nasal vault was gained through a midline nasal dorsum incision and creation of an osteoplastic flap with a drill. Submucosal resection was performed with preservation of the mucoperichondrium. All rabbits were monitored daily for 4 weeks in the postoperative period for signs of infection, pain, and complications. The study was conducted from June 1, 2014, to December 1, 2014.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical anatomy and techniques used to gain access to the rabbit nasal vault and harvest septal cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Four\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>\n                      -free New Zealand white rabbits (Western Organ Rabbit Co), ranging in age from 9 to 12 months and weighing between 3.5 and 4.0\u2009kg, were used in this study. Initial dissections demonstrated the feasibility of harvesting septal cartilage while preserving the mucoperichondrial envelope. Access to the nasal vault through this 3-osteotomy approach allowed for maximal exposure to the nasal cavity bilaterally while maintaining the integrity of the mucoperichondrium following septal cartilage harvest. The maximum amount of bulk, en bloc, cartilage harvested was 1.0\u2009\u00d7\u20092.5\u2009cm. Following surgical dissection, all animals maintained adequate airway patency and support to midface structures. Furthermore, all specimens preserved the integrity of the mucoperichondrium, septum, vascular anatomy, and airway dynamics. No operative complications, postoperative airway compromise, or infections were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Access to the rabbit nasal vault and septal cartilage is feasible through a variety of surgical approaches and techniques. To date, this is the first study to meticulously document and review the surgical approaches to the rabbit nasal cavity. This approach describes a novel, 3-osteotomy method of accessing the nasal cavity bilaterally and successfully harvesting rabbit septal cartilage in a submucoperichondrial plane. The ability to preserve native anatomy and function allows for improved outcomes in translational and animal guided clinical research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamafacialplasticsurgery\/pages\/instructions-for-authors\/#SecLevelofEvidence\/Ethnicity\">NA<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T12:31:51Z","timestamp":1493901111000},"page":"386-391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Anatomy and Surgical Approaches to the Rabbit Nasal Septum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Karam W.","family":"Badran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine."},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine."},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery, UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Medical Center."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward C.","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian J. F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine."},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Reimplantation of autologous septal cartilage in the growing nasal septum: II\u2014the influence of reimplantation of rotated or crushed autologous septal cartilage on nasal growth: an experimental study in growing rabbits","volume":"26","author":"Nolst Trenit\u00e9 GJ","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nolst Trenit\u00e9 GJ, , Verwoerd CDA, , Verwoerd-Verhoef HL. Reimplantation of autologous septal cartilage in the growing nasal septum: II\u2014the influence of reimplantation of rotated or crushed autologous septal cartilage on nasal growth: an experimental study in growing rabbits. Rhinology. 1988; 26(1):25-32.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","first-page":"225","article-title":"Reimplantation of autologous septal cartilage in the growing nasal septum: I\u2014the influence of resection and reimplantation of septal cartilage upon nasal growth: an experimental study in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Nolst Trenit\u00e9 GJ","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nolst Trenit\u00e9 GJ, , Verwoerd CD, , Verwoerd-Verhoef HL. Reimplantation of autologous septal cartilage in the growing nasal septum: I\u2014the influence of resection and reimplantation of septal cartilage upon nasal growth: an experimental study in rabbits. Rhinology. 1987; 25(4):225-236.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"The effects of septal surgery on the growth of nose and maxilla","volume":"17","author":"Verwoerd CDA","year":"1979","unstructured":"Verwoerd CDA, , Urbanus NAM, , Nijdam DC. The effects of septal surgery on the growth of nose and maxilla. Rhinology. 1979; 17(2):53-63.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1064715"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2273.1980.tb00894.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"93","article-title":"The development of the nasal septum in the rabbit: I\u2014its relationship with the neighboring parts of the skull [in German]","volume":"20","author":"Tonneyck-M\u00fcller I","year":"1982","unstructured":"Tonneyck-M\u00fcller I, , Vander Werf F. 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