{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1792472166726,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAMA Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical procedures for the aging face\u2014including face-lift, blepharoplasty, and brow-lift\u2014consistently rank among the most popular cosmetic services sought by patients. Although these surgical procedures are broadly classified as procedures that restore a youthful appearance, they may improve societal perceptions of attractiveness, success, and health, conferring an even larger social benefit than just restoring a youthful appearance to the face.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine if face-lift and upper facial rejuvenation surgery improve observer ratings of age, attractiveness, success, and health and to quantify the effect of facial rejuvenation surgery on each individual domain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A randomized clinical experiment was performed from August 30 to September 18, 2016, using web-based surveys featuring photographs of patients before and after facial rejuvenation surgery. Observers were randomly shown independent images of the 12 patients; within a given survey, observers saw either the preoperative or postoperative photograph of each patient to reduce the possibility of priming. Observers evaluated patient age using a slider bar ranging from 30 to 80 years that could be moved up or down in 1-year increments, and they ranked perceived attractiveness, success, and health using a 100-point visual analog scale. The bar on the 100-point scale began at 50; moving the bar to the right corresponded to a more positive rating in these measures and moving the bar to the left, a more negative rating.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multivariate mixed-effects regression model was used to understand the effect of face-lift and upper facial rejuvenation surgery on observer perceptions while accounting for individual biases of the participants. Ordinal rank change was calculated to understand the clinical effect size of changes across the various domains after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 504 participants (333 women, 165 men, and 6 unspecified; mean age, 29 [range, 18-70] years) successfully completed the survey. A multivariate mixed-effects regression model revealed a statistically significant change in age (\u20134.61 years; 95% CI, \u20134.97 to \u20134.25) and attractiveness (6.72; 95% CI, 5.96-7.47) following facial rejuvenation surgery. Observer-perceived success (3.85; 95% CI, 3.12-4.57) and health (7.65; 95% CI; 6.87-8.42) also increased significantly as a result of facial rejuvenation surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data presented in this study demonstrate that patients are perceived as younger and more attractive by the casual observer after undergoing face-lift and upper facial rejuvenation surgery. These procedures also improved ratings of perceived success and health in our patient population. These findings suggest that facial rejuvenation surgery conveys an even larger societal benefit than merely restoring a youthful appearance to the face.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamafacialplasticsurgery\/pages\/instructions-for-authors\/#SecLevelofEvidence\/Ethnicity\">NA<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,27]],"date-time":"2017-04-27T12:32:18Z","timestamp":1493296338000},"page":"360-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Association Between Facial Rejuvenation and Observer Ratings of Youth, Attractiveness, Success, and Health"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kristin L.","family":"Bater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa E.","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira D.","family":"Papel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Facial Plastic Surgicenter, Ltd, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theda C.","family":"Kontis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Facial Plastic Surgicenter, Ltd, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi D. 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