{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:37:18Z","timestamp":1790293038603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAMA Facial Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal airway obstruction (NAO) is a common complaint in the otolaryngologist\u2019s office and can have a negative influence on quality of life (QOL). Existing diagnostic methods have improved, but little consensus exists on optimal tools. Furthermore, although surgical techniques for nasal obstruction continue to be developed, effective outcome measurement is lacking. An update of recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic management of NAO is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review advances in diagnosis and treatment of NAO from the last 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Review<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, LILACS, Web of Science, and\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/Guideline.gov\">Guideline.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      were searched with the terms\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nasal obstruction<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">nasal blockage<\/jats:italic>\n                      and their permutations from July 26, 2012, through October 23, 2017. Studies were included if they evaluated NAO using a subjective and an objective technique, and in the case of intervention-based studies, the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale and an objective technique. Exclusion criteria consisted of animal studies; patients younger than 14 years; nasal foreign bodies; nasal masses including polyps; choanal atresia; sinus disease; obstructive sleep apnea or sleep-disordered breathing; allergic rhinitis; and studies not specific to nasal obstruction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial search resulted in 942 articles. After independent screening by 2 investigators, 46 unique articles remained, including 2 randomized clinical trials, 3 systematic reviews, 3 meta-analyses, and 39 nonrandomized cohort studies (including a combined systematic review and meta-analysis). An aggregate of approximately 32\u2009000 patients were reviewed (including meta-analyses). Of the subjective measures available for NAO, the NOSE scale is outstanding with regard to disease-specific validation and correlation with symptoms. No currently available objective measure can be considered a criterion standard. Structural measures of flow, pressure, and volume appear to be necessary but insufficient to assess NAO. Therefore, novel variables and techniques must continue to be explored in search of an ideal instrument to aid in assessment of surgical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal airway obstruction is a clinical diagnosis with considerable effects on QOL. An adequate diagnosis begins with a focused history and physical examination and requires a patient QOL measure such as the NOSE scale. Objective measures should be adjunctive and require further validation for widespread adoption. These results are limited by minimal high-quality evidence among studies and the risk of bias in observational studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p content-type=\"uri\">\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamafacialplasticsurgery\/pages\/instructions-for-authors\/#SecLevelofEvidence\/Ethnicity\">NA<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.0279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,10]],"date-time":"2018-05-10T12:30:57Z","timestamp":1525955457000},"page":"409-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Nasal Airway Obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Suresh","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie Friree","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin W.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S8077"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1053\/ai.1994.v94.a54939","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life in patients with perennial allergic rhinitis with the French version of the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire","volume":"94","author":"Bousquet J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bousquet J, , Bullinger M, , Fayol C, , Marquis P, , Valentin B, , Burtin B. 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