{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:27:12Z","timestamp":1791912432151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T16:04:36Z","timestamp":1628525076000},"page":"1315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Association Between Prison Crowding and COVID-19 Incidence Rates in Massachusetts Prisons, April 2020-January 2021"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"181","author":[{"given":"Abigail I.","family":"Leibowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Siedner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir M.","family":"Mohareb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"ioi210043r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12528","article-title":"COVID-19 cases and deaths in federal and state prisons.","volume":"324","author":"Saloner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"43","key":"ioi210043r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6943e1","article-title":"COVID-19 in a correctional facility employee following multiple brief exposures to persons with COVID-19\u2014Vermont, July\u2013August 2020.","volume":"69","author":"Pringle","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"ioi210043r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.1856","article-title":"COVID-19 in prisons and jails in the United States.","volume":"180","author":"Hawks","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"22","key":"ioi210043r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005687","article-title":"Flattening the curve for incarcerated populations\u2014Covid-19 in jails and prisons.","volume":"382","author":"Akiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi210043r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time.","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ioi210043r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application.","volume":"172","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"33","key":"ioi210043r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abc1202","article-title":"Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study.","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"8","key":"ioi210043r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-039652","article-title":"Incubation period of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of observational research.","volume":"10","author":"McAloon","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210043r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042898","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to reduce COVID-19 transmission in a large urban jail: a model-based analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Malloy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"ioi210043r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026806","article-title":"Prison cell spatial density and infectious and communicable diseases: a systematic review.","volume":"9","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210043r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.6466","article-title":"Association between nursing home crowding and COVID-19 infection and mortality in Ontario, Canada.","volume":"181","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210043r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1086\/696041","article-title":"The psychological effects of solitary confinement: a systematic critique.","volume":"47","author":"Haney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crime and Justice"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi210043r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.12516","article-title":"Association of restrictive housing during incarceration with mortality after release.","volume":"2","author":"Brinkley-Rubinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210043r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(19)30271-3","article-title":"Solitary confinement placement and post-release mortality risk among formerly incarcerated individuals: a population-based study.","volume":"5","author":"Wildeman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"S1","key":"ioi210043r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305375","article-title":"Psychological distress in solitary confinement: symptoms, severity, and prevalence in the United States, 2017-2018.","volume":"110","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ioi210043r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30283-8","article-title":"Association between county jail incarceration and cause-specific county mortality in the USA, 1987-2017: a retrospective, longitudinal study.","volume":"6","author":"Kajeepeta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"ioi210043r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00652","article-title":"Incarceration and its disseminations: COVID-19 pandemic lessons from Chicago\u2019s Cook County jail.","volume":"39","author":"Reinhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"ioi210043r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.09.002","article-title":"Estimation of COVID-19 basic reproduction ratio in a large urban jail in the United States.","volume":"53","author":"Puglisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210043r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85916-w","article-title":"Characteristics and comparative clinical outcomes of prisoner versus non-prisoner populations hospitalized with COVID-19.","volume":"11","author":"Altibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"ioi210043r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18851","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 among incarcerated individuals and staff in Massachusetts jails and prisons.","volume":"3","author":"Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210043r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/capp.2016.15.issue-2","article-title":"Is downsizing prisons dangerous?: the effect of California\u2019s Realignment Act on public safety.","volume":"15","author":"Sundt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Criminol Public Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210043r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305968","article-title":"Preventing the spread of COVID-19 in immigration detention centers requires the release of detainees.","volume":"111","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ioi210043r4","volume-title":"Decarcerating Correctional Facilities During COVID-19: Advancing Health, Equity, and Safety","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2020"},{"key":"ioi210043r1","unstructured":"Walmsley? R. World prison population list (12th edition). Accessed July 8, 2021. https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/downloads\/wppl_12.pdf"},{"key":"ioi210043r3","unstructured":"Schnepel? K. COVID-19 in US state and federal prisons: December 2020 update. Accessed December 22, 2020. https:\/\/cdn.ymaws.com\/counciloncj.org\/resource\/resmgr\/covid_commission\/COVID-19_in_State_and_Federa.pdf"},{"key":"ioi210043r8","unstructured":"Foster v Mici, No. SJ-2020-0212 (Mass 2020). Testimony of Carol Mici, Commissioner of the Department of Correction of Massachusetts. Accessed March 2, 2021. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/service-details\/stephen-foster-others-v-carol-mici-commissioner-of-the-massachusetts-department-of"},{"key":"ioi210043r9","unstructured":"ACLU of Massachusetts. Tracking COVID-19 in Massachusetts prisons and jails. Accessed July 8, 2021. https:\/\/data.aclum.org\/sjc-12926-tracker\/"},{"key":"ioi210043r10","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Correction. DOC COVID-19 institution cell housing reports archives. Accessed July 8, 2021. https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/lists\/doc-covid-19-institution-cell-housing-reports-archives"},{"key":"ioi210043r11","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Correction. Quarterly reports on prison capacity. Accessed July 8, 2021. https:\/\/archives.lib.state.ma.us\/handle\/2452\/35692"},{"key":"ioi210043r13","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities (CCF, formerly CSFACF). Accessed July 8, 2021. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data-collection\/census-state-and-federal-adult-correctional-facilities-ccf-formerly-csfacf"},{"key":"ioi210043r30","unstructured":"Physicians for Human Rights. Praying for hand soap and masks: health and human rights violations in US immigration detention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Published January 2021. Accessed May 1, 2021. https:\/\/phr.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/PHR-Praying-for-Hand-Soap-and-Masks.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/articlepdf\/2782809\/jamainternal_leibowitz_2021_oi_210043_1632955175.98617.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T22:33:28Z","timestamp":1633386808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2782809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.4392","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6106","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}