{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:17:08Z","timestamp":1793229428281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T11:01:55Z","timestamp":1638788515000},"page":"134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":158,"title":["Association Between Cataract Extraction and Development of Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"182","author":[{"given":"Cecilia S.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Gibbons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle"},{"name":"Roger and Angie Karalis Johnson Retina Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Yanagihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian S.","family":"Blazes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"McCurry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne C.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul K.","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric B.","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","reference":[{"issue":"10248","key":"ioi210073r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission.","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210073r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13955","article-title":"Global Sensory Impairment in Older Adults in the United States.","volume":"64","author":"Correia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210073r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610218000728","article-title":"Interventions for hearing and vision impairment to improve outcomes for people with dementia: a scoping review.","volume":"31","author":"Dawes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi210073r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly264","article-title":"Multiple sensory impairment is associated with increased risk of dementia among Black and White older adults.","volume":"74","author":"Brenowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"ioi210073r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838","article-title":"Association of vision loss with cognition in older adults.","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ioi210073r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between visual impairment and cognitive functioning: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation study.","volume":"136","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210073r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000340","article-title":"The global state of cataract blindness.","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ioi210073r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000083503.34133.8c","article-title":"Cataract extraction and cognitive function in older women.","volume":"14","author":"Grodstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ioi210073r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2003.10.019","article-title":"Improvement in cognitive impairment after cataract surgery in elderly patients.","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210073r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2005.07.040","article-title":"Recovery of visual and functional disability following cataract surgery in older people: Sunderland Cataract Study.","volume":"32","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210073r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192677","article-title":"Effect of cataract surgery on cognitive function in elderly: results of Fujiwara-kyo Eye Study.","volume":"13","author":"Miyata","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi210073r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12561","article-title":"Cataract surgery is associated with a reduced risk of dementia: a nationwide population-based cohort study.","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"ioi210073r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.11.1737","article-title":"Dementia and Alzheimer disease incidence: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"59","author":"Kukull","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210073r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00004","article-title":"Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older.","volume":"144","author":"Larson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ioi210073r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.10.007","article-title":"Importance of home study visit capacity in dementia studies.","volume":"12","author":"Crane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"11","key":"ioi210073r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b7fbbb","article-title":"Immortal time bias in critical care research: application of time-varying Cox regression for observational cohort studies.","volume":"37","author":"Shintani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi210073r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-5-200609050-00009","article-title":"Do OSCAR winners live longer than less successful peers? a reanalysis of the evidence.","volume":"145","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ioi210073r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b5087","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b5087","article-title":"Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes.","volume":"340","author":"L\u00e9vesque","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"ioi210073r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3499","article-title":"Survival analysis and the immortal time bias.","volume":"136","author":"Kollman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ioi210073r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.9151","article-title":"Immortal time bias in observational studies.","volume":"325","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210073r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610294001602","article-title":"The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): a practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia.","volume":"6","author":"Teng","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"ioi210073r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.04.011","article-title":"Incidence of cognitively defined late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s dementia subgroups from a prospective cohort study.","volume":"13","author":"Crane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"3","key":"ioi210073r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"7","key":"ioi210073r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease.","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi210073r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8","article-title":"A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation.","volume":"40","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"ioi210073r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population.","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi210073r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology.","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"ioi210073r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3560","article-title":"Association between visual impairment and decline in cognitive function in a multiethnic Asian population.","volume":"3","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi210073r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513","article-title":"Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"144","author":"Loughrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"13","key":"ioi210073r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03420130084028","article-title":"Relationship of hearing impairment to dementia and cognitive dysfunction in older adults.","volume":"261","author":"Uhlmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"ioi210073r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.2018.66.issue-11","article-title":"American Geriatrics Society and National Institute on Aging Bench-to-Bedside conference: sensory impairment and cognitive decline in older adults.","volume":"66","author":"Whitson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi210073r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-H-18-0077","article-title":"Hearing loss treatment in older adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic review.","volume":"61","author":"Mamo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi210073r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp453","article-title":"Untreated poor vision: a contributing factor to late-life dementia.","volume":"171","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210073r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs157","article-title":"The assessment of cognition in visually impaired older adults.","volume":"42","author":"Killen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi210073r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1993.01090050114040","article-title":"Vision change and quality of life in the elderly: response to cataract surgery and treatment of other chronic ocular conditions.","volume":"111","author":"Brenner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"pt 7","key":"ioi210073r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp119","article-title":"Changes in cortical grey matter density associated with long-standing retinal visual field defects.","volume":"132","author":"Boucard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi210073r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.2005.22.issue-10","article-title":"Retinal abnormalities in human albinism translate into a reduction of grey matter in the occipital cortex.","volume":"22","author":"von dem Hagen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"issue":"15","key":"ioi210073r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25823","article-title":"Following the status of visual cortex over time in patients with macular degeneration reveals atrophy of visually deprived brain regions.","volume":"60","author":"Hanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"ioi210073r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.002","article-title":"Visual restoration after cataract surgery promotes functional and structural brain recovery.","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ioi210073r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00039","article-title":"Perception and cognition in the ageing brain: a brief review of the short- and long-term links between perceptual and cognitive decline.","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"ioi210073r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300677","article-title":"Reaction time as a measure of enhanced blue-light mediated cognitive function following cataract surgery.","volume":"95","author":"Schmoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi210073r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.07.004","article-title":"Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function.","volume":"13","author":"Vandewalle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi210073r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.2856","article-title":"Associations between recent and established ophthalmic conditions and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"ioi210073r23","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed"}],"container-title":["JAMA Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/articlepdf\/2786583\/jamainternal_lee_2021_oi_210073_1643648306.61542.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T11:19:36Z","timestamp":1644232776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2786583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6990","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.741280522.793590562","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2168-6106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6106","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}