{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:43:39Z","timestamp":1775871819038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The consequences of low levels of environmental lead exposure, as found commonly in US household water, have not been established.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine whether commonly encountered levels of lead in household water are associated with hematologic toxicity among individuals with advanced kidney disease, a group known to have disproportionate susceptibility to environmental toxicants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional analysis of household water lead concentrations and hematologic outcomes was performed among patients beginning dialysis at a Fresenius Medical Care outpatient facility between January 1, 2017, and December 20, 2021. Data analysis was performed from April 1 to August 15, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-7\"><jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concentrations of lead in household water were examined in categorical proportions of the Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s allowable threshold (15 \u03bcg\/L) and continuously.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hematologic toxic effects were defined by monthly erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) dosing during the first 90 days of incident kidney failure care and examined as 3 primary outcomes: a proportion receiving maximum or higher dosing, continuously, and by a resistance index that normalized to body weight and hemoglobin concentrations. Secondarily, hemoglobin concentrations for patients with data prior to kidney failure onset were examined, overall and among those with concurrent iron deficiency, thought to increase gastrointestinal absorption of ingested lead.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 6404 patients with incident kidney failure (male, 4182 [65%]; mean [SD] age, 57 [14] years) followed up for the first 90 days of dialysis therapy, 12% (n\u2009=\u2009742) had measurable lead in household drinking water. A higher category of household lead contamination was associated with 15% (odds ratio [OR], 1.15 [95% CI, 1.04-1.27]) higher risk of maximum monthly ESA dosing, 4.5 (95% CI, 0.8-8.2) \u03bcg higher monthly ESA dose, and a 0.48% (95% CI, 0.002%-0.96%) higher monthly resistance index. Among patients with pre\u2013kidney failure hemoglobin measures (n\u2009=\u20092648), a higher household lead categorization was associated with a 0.12 (95% CI, \u22120.23 to \u22120.002) g\/dL lower hemoglobin concentration, particularly among those with concurrent iron deficiency (multiplicative interaction, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.07), among whom hemoglobin concentrations were 0.25 (95% CI, \u22120.47 to \u22120.04) g\/dL lower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240021-10\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that levels of lead found commonly in US drinking water may be associated with lead poisoning among susceptible individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T17:48:58Z","timestamp":1716918538000},"page":"788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Household Water Lead and 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