{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:40:01Z","timestamp":1785451201770,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>National estimates of mortality among physicians and other health care workers are lacking. It is also unknown if distinct patterns exist across sex, race, and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates among physicians, health care workers, and non\u2013health care workers by sex, race, and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The National Vital Statistics System, a population-based registry of US death certificates, was used to obtain data on deaths among adults aged 25 to 74 years from January 2020 to December 2022 by usual occupation. Data were analyzed from January 2024 to December 2024.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Usual occupation, sex, race, and ethnicity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall and cause-specific mortality rates were calculated for each occupation, as well as sex, race, and ethnicity subgroups, and compared using mortality rate ratios. Mortality estimates were age-adjusted and sex-adjusted, and health care occupations were compared with non\u2013health care occupations with similar income levels (categorized as low income, medium income, and high income based on US Census income terciles).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most health care workers had lower age-adjusted and sex-adjusted annual mortality rates per 100\u202f000 population than non\u2013health care workers (eg, physicians [269.3], high-income non\u2013health care workers [499.2], and non\u2013health care workers overall [730.6]). While female individuals had lower mortality than male individuals in non\u2013health care occupations overall (female to male ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.55-0.55) and high-income non\u2013health care occupations specifically (0.60; 95% CI, 0.60-0.60), this advantage was absent for several health care occupations, including physicians (0.97; 95% CI, 0.93-1.01). In particular, female physicians experienced higher mortality than male physicians of neoplasms and chronic lower respiratory diseases, despite lower mortality of these causes among female individuals in high-income non\u2013health care occupations. Black workers had higher mortality than White workers across all occupations, although the Black to White mortality ratio was largest for physicians (2.13; 95% CI, 1.99-2.29), with the largest differences due to neoplasms, heart disease, and COVID-19. Black female physicians had higher mortality rates than all other physician subgroups and White female individuals in non\u2013health care occupations. While Hispanic workers had lower mortality than White workers in non\u2013health care occupations overall (Hispanic to White ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.83-0.83) and high-income non\u2013health care occupations specifically (0.90; 95% CI, 0.90-0.91), this pattern was reversed for several health care occupations, including physicians (1.18; 95% CI, 1.09-1.27).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi240103-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that although physicians and most health care workers experienced lower mortality rates compared with the general population, this benefit did not fully extend to female individuals or racial and ethnic minority groups. Renewed efforts are needed to address health inequities within the health care workforce.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.8432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T16:35:39Z","timestamp":1740414939000},"page":"563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mortality Among US Physicians and Other Health Care Workers"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Vishal R.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Worsham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical 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