{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:34:32Z","timestamp":1791261272202,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cystic fibrosis is one of the most commonly diagnosed autosomal recessive disorders in the US. It is estimated that more than 10 million individuals are heterozygous for a pathogenic <jats:italic>CFTR<\/jats:italic> gene variant in the US (heterozygotes). The phenotypic risk of these heterozygotes is not well defined, particularly among populations of predominantly non-European genetic ancestry. Understanding disease risk across each population can improve management strategies for all.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine associations of diseases across the phenome with <jats:italic>CFTR<\/jats:italic> heterozygotes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>All of Us<\/jats:italic> Research Program is a US-based ongoing longitudinal cohort study whose enrollment started nationally in 2018. In this genetic association study, whole-genome sequencing data were linked to electronic health records (EHRs) and surveys. Participants were 18 years and older. Similarity to genetic ancestral groups was genetically inferred using <jats:italic>All of Us<\/jats:italic> data and 2 large reference datasets, the 1000 Genomes Project and Human Genome Diversity Project. This analysis was conducted between February and April 2025.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-7\"><jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single pathogenic <jats:italic>CFTR<\/jats:italic> variant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-8\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main variables included clinical diagnoses documented in EHRs. Multivariable-adjusted phenome-wide association studies were performed. The main measures were odds ratios (ORs), indicating risk for a particular disease or condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 363 pathogenic variants were identified in the cohort. Among 317\u202f964 adult participants (55.7% female; mean [SD] last age in EHR, 56.1 [16.9] years), 7957 heterozygotes and 280\u202f995 noncarriers were identified. Participants were followed up through EHRs with a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.4 (9.0) years. The genetically inferred ancestral distribution of the cohort was 18.0% African, 16.2% American or Admixed American, 2.1% East Asian, 53.4% European, 0.3% South Asian, and 0.4% West Asian. Frequencies of heterozygotes varied by groups of genetic similarity to reference populations: 3.62% in participants most genetically similar to a European reference population (n\u2009=\u2009169\u202f812), 1.35% in participants most genetically similar to an African reference population (n\u2009=\u200957\u202f297), and 1.86% in participants most genetically similar to an Admixed American reference population (n\u2009=\u200951\u202f483). A total of 2909 phenotypes were analyzed. No statistically significant associations were identified in heterozygotes of all populations combined or within each genetic ancestral group. Among 52 cystic fibrosis\u2013associated diseases, although an elevated risk of respiratory diseases and infections was observed in some heterozygotes (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis [OR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.27-4.95]; bronchiectasis [OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.00-1.47]; pneumonia due to <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> [OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.05-2.26]; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24]; asthma [OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.15]; and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> infection [OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.74]), effect sizes of these associations were several orders of magnitude lower than those found in homozygotes or predicted compound heterozygotes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-ioi250033-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this genetic association study, most heterozygotes did not appear to have a substantially higher risk of cystic fibrosis\u2013associated diseases during their adulthood compared to noncarriers. Additional studies are needed to investigate the underlying factors for the elevated risk of respiratory and infectious diseases in some heterozygotes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2025.1853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T11:31:00Z","timestamp":1750073460000},"page":"1014","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diseases Common in Persons With Cystic Fibrosis Among <i>CFTR<\/i> Heterozygotes"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Chenjie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Health Informatics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangwoo T.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, New York Genome Center, New York, New 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