{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:38:11Z","timestamp":1793147891795,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Intern Med"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates are needed to determine the effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccinations during their first season of availability among populations at high risk for severe RSV.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess RSV VE against RSV-associated outcomes for nursing home residents.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective cohort study of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries used electronic medical claims data from September 10, 2023, to March 30, 2024. A cohort was created for each outcome: an RSV-associated hospitalization cohort; an RSV-associated death cohort; a severe RSV-associated outcome cohort; and an RSV-associated thromboembolic event cohort. To be eligible for inclusion in a cohort, a Medicare fee-for-service beneficiary must be aged 65 years or older, reside in a US nursing home during the study period for at least 1 day, have continuous enrollment in Medicare Parts A and B (365 days prior to the index date), and have continuous enrollment in Part D (beginning on June 21, 2023).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n RSV vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n \n Outcomes were RSV-associated hospitalization, RSV-associated death, severe RSV-associated outcomes (intensive care unit or critical care unit admission, medical ventilator use, or RSV-associated death), and RSV-associated thromboembolic event. RSV diagnoses and outcome definitions were based on claims with relevant\n International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision<\/jats:italic>\n codes. RSV vaccine doses were determined from Medicare Part D claims using the National Drug Code Directory. Hazard ratios (HRs) from multivariable Cox proportional hazards models compared the times to first outcomes among RSV vaccinated beneficiaries and unvaccinated beneficiaries. VE was calculated as (1\u2013HR)\u2009\u00d7\u2009100%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 597 430 included Medicare beneficiaries (66% female; median age, 82 [IQR, 75-88] years), RSV VE against RSV-associated hospitalizations was 73% (95% CI, 65%-79%). Among beneficiaries aged 65 to 74 years VE was 60% (95% CI, 35%-76%), 75% (95% CI, 67%-82%) among beneficiaries 75 years or older, 67% (95% CI, 55%-76%) among short-stay residents (&amp;lt;100 cumulative days), and 80% (95% CI, 68%-87%) among long-stay residents (\u2265100 cumulative days). VE against RSV-associated death was 56% (95% CI, 39%-69%), VE against severe RSV-associated outcomes was 59% (95% CI, 44%-70%), and VE against RSV-associated thromboembolic events was 66% (95% CI, 44%-79%).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this study, in the first season of availability, RSV vaccines were associated with improved RSV-associated outcomes among US Medicare beneficiaries residing in nursing homes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2026.3841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:30:34Z","timestamp":1788190234000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Effectiveness in Medicare Beneficiaries Residing in Nursing Homes"],"prefix":"10.1001","author":[{"given":"Ryan E.","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng-Ming","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Kautz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Najdowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Eagle Health Analytics, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenlin","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoganand","family":"Chillarige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acumen LLC, Burlingame, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Link-Gelles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda B.","family":"Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"ioi260046r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac300","article-title":"Rates of medically attended RSV among US adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"40","key":"ioi260046r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7240a1","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes among adults aged =60 years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus - RSV-NET, 12 states, July 2022-June 2023.","volume":"72","author":"Havers","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi260046r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae424","article-title":"Residency in long-term care facilities: an important risk factor for respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization.","volume":"230","author":"Branche","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"ioi260046r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2025.105760","article-title":"Disproportionate impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) among older adults in long-term care settings.","volume":"26","author":"Popham","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"issue":"29","key":"ioi260046r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7229a4","article-title":"Use of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in older adults: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2023.","volume":"72","author":"Melgar","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi260046r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00796-5","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine effectiveness among US veterans, September, 2023 to March, 2024: a target trial emulation study.","volume":"25","author":"Bajema","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi260046r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e258322","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.8322","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of respiratory syncytial virus vaccine for US adults aged 60 years or older.","volume":"8","author":"Fry","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10462","key":"ioi260046r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01738-0","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated hospitalisations and emergency department encounters among adults aged 60 years and older in the USA, October, 2023, to March, 2024: a test-negative design analysis.","volume":"404","author":"Payne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ioi260046r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2450832","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.50832","article-title":"Estimated vaccine effectiveness for respiratory syncytial virus-related lower respiratory tract disease.","volume":"7","author":"Tartof","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"13","key":"ioi260046r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.15775","article-title":"RSV vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization among US adults 60 years and older.","volume":"332","author":"Surie","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi260046r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3202.251520","article-title":"Effectiveness of RSV vaccines against RSV-associated thromboembolic events.","volume":"32","author":"Wiegand","year":"2026","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"ioi260046r14","first-page":"34","article-title":"Measuring Community Vulnerability to Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s Social Vulnerability Index.","volume":"80","author":"Flanagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ioi260046r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab515","article-title":"Risk Factors for COVID-19 deaths among elderly nursing home Medicare beneficiaries in the prevaccine period.","volume":"225","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi260046r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae503","article-title":"Relative effectiveness and waning of a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older during the BA.1\/BA.2 omicron period.","volume":"231","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ioi260046r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127010","article-title":"Effectiveness of 2023-2024 COVID-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among adults aged =18 years with end stage kidney disease - United States, September 2023-April 2024.","volume":"55","author":"Payne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi260046r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2025.07.012","article-title":"Effectiveness of bivalent mRNA COVID-19 vaccine among adults with kidney failure receiving dialysis: a cohort study from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.","volume":"86","author":"Payne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1-22","key":"ioi260046r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1792","article-title":"A social vulnerability index for disaster management.","volume":"8","author":"Flanagan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Homel Secur Emerg Manag"},{"key":"ioi260046r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126633","article-title":"A framework for monitoring RSV prevention product effectiveness in the United States.","volume":"45","author":"Roper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi260046r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab595","article-title":"Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among hospitalized adults, 2017-2020.","volume":"74","author":"Branche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi260046r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13043","article-title":"Change in functional status associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized older adults.","volume":"16","author":"Branche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"ioi260046r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit038","article-title":"Viral shedding and immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults.","volume":"207","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ioi260046r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw270","article-title":"Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus among adults in the United States, 1997-2012.","volume":"4","author":"Pastula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi260046r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.25395","article-title":"Antibody response to respiratory syncytial virus vaccination in immunocompromised persons.","volume":"333","author":"Karaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"ioi260046r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50052.x","article-title":"Precipitants of emergency room visits and acute hospitalization in short-stay Medicare nursing home residents.","volume":"50","author":"Hutt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"ioi260046r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad415","article-title":"Underreporting and misclassification of respiratory syncytial virus-coded hospitalization among adults in Denmark between 2015-2016 and 2017-2018.","volume":"229","author":"Egeskov-Cavling","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"ioi260046r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.0212","article-title":"Acute cardiac events in hospitalized older adults with respiratory syncytial virus infection.","volume":"184","author":"Woodruff","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"ioi260046r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-024-01066-y","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-RSV vaccination in preventing respiratory syncytial virus disease and severe illness in older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"15","author":"Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ioi260046r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2025-223376","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness and safety of nirsevimab, RSV maternal vaccine and RSV vaccines for older adults: a living systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"32","key":"ioi260046r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7332e1","article-title":"Use of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in adults aged =60 years: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2024.","volume":"73","author":"Britton","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ioi260046r12","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Human Research Protections. 45 CFR 46. Accessed February 3, 2025. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations-and-policy\/regulations\/45-cfr-46\/index.html"},{"key":"ioi260046r13","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Minimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI) Manual. Accessed September 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Medicare\/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments\/NursingHomeQualityInits\/MDS30RAIManual.html."},{"key":"ioi260046r15","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Nursing homes including rehab services archived data snapshots: 12 \/ 20 \/ 2024. Accessed March 13, 2026. https:\/\/data.cms.gov\/provider-data\/archived-data\/nursing-homes"},{"key":"ioi260046r20","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Minimum data set frequency methodology. October 30, 2024. Accessed December 17, 2025. https:\/\/data.cms.gov\/resources\/minimum-data-set-frequency-methodology"},{"key":"ioi260046r29","unstructured":"Ochieng? N, Juliette? C, Neuman? T. A snapshot of sources of coverage among Medicare beneficiaries. KFF. December 19, 2025. Accessed July 20. https:\/\/www.kff.org\/medicare\/a-snapshot-of-sources-of-coverage-among-medicare-beneficiaries\/"},{"key":"ioi260046r35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Meeting April 15, 2025. Accessed June 26, 2025. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/live\/dNCVr9AvFB8"}],"container-title":["JAMA Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/articlepdf\/2853166\/jamainternal_wiegand_2026_oi_260046_1786723758.16892.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1788190235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamainternalmedicine\/fullarticle\/2853166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2026.3841","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-6106"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-6106","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}