{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T15:27:07Z","timestamp":1791214027027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T11:40:07Z","timestamp":1556883607000},"page":"e193447","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Association of Economic Status and Educational Attainment With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Renato","family":"Polimanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Ratanatharathorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam X.","family":"Maihofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmel W.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego"},{"name":"Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajendra A.","family":"Morey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"},{"name":"Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Logue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD Behavioral Science Division, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M.","family":"Nievergelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health and Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karestan C.","family":"Koenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Gelernter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare Center, West Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"zoi190153r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.05.002","article-title":"Pretrauma risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"33","author":"DiGangi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi190153r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1208-5","article-title":"The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.","volume":"51","author":"Goldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi190153r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-05377-180216","article-title":"Education, vulnerability, and resilience after a natural disaster.","volume":"18","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi190153r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.12.1410","article-title":"Cognitive ability in early adulthood and risk of 5 specific psychiatric disorders in middle age: the Vietnam Experience Study.","volume":"65","author":"Gale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi190153r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.361","article-title":"Pretrauma cognitive ability and risk for posttraumatic stress disorder: a twin study.","volume":"64","author":"Kremen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2018.35","article-title":"Mapping risk from genes to behavior: the enduring and evolving influence of Irving Gottesman\u2019s endophenotype concept.","volume":"21","author":"Dick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi190153r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E296","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7100296","article-title":"Phenomic impact of genetically-determined euthyroid function and molecular differences between thyroid disorders.","volume":"7","author":"Ravera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi190153r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-017-0491-4","article-title":"A putative causal relationship between genetically determined female body shape and posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Polimanti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"zoi190153r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.10.033","article-title":"Genetically determined schizophrenia is not associated with impaired glucose homeostasis.","volume":"195","author":"Polimanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"zoi190153r13","article-title":"Evidence of causal effect of major depression on alcohol dependence: findings from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium","author":"Polimanti","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"zoi190153r14","article-title":"DRD2 and FOXP2 are implicated in the associations between computerized device use and psychiatric disorders","author":"Wendt","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi190153r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals.","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7604","key":"zoi190153r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17671","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.","volume":"533","author":"Okbay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi190153r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0152-6","article-title":"Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence.","volume":"50","author":"Savage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi190153r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.107","article-title":"Predicting educational achievement from DNA.","volume":"22","author":"Selzam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6395","key":"zoi190153r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaap8757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8757","article-title":"Analysis of shared heritability in common disorders of the brain.","volume":"360","author":"Anttila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"zoi190153r21","article-title":"Largest genome-wide association study for PTSD identifies genetic risk loci in European and African ancestries and implicates novel biological pathways","author":"Nievergelt","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi190153r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000022","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Genetic Association Studies (STREGA): an extension of the STROBE statement.","volume":"6","author":"Little","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi190153r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","article-title":"An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits.","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7571","key":"zoi190153r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation.","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi190153r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu848","article-title":"PRSice: Polygenic Risk Score software.","volume":"31","author":"Euesden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi190153r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002607","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002607","article-title":"Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals.","volume":"8","author":"Dastani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi190153r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis with multiple genetic variants using summarized data.","volume":"37","author":"Burgess","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi190153r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome.","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi190153r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression.","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi190153r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx102","article-title":"Robust inference in summary data mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption.","volume":"46","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.2016.40.issue-4","article-title":"Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator.","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4175","article-title":"Assessment of bidirectional relationships between physical activity and depression among adults: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.","volume":"76","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi190153r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716003172","article-title":"Assessing causality in associations between cannabis use and schizophrenia risk: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.","volume":"47","author":"Gage","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi190153r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.3191","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of schizophrenia: a 2-sample mendelian randomization study.","volume":"74","author":"Hartwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"R2","key":"zoi190153r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R195","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy163","article-title":"Evaluating the potential role of pleiotropy in mendelian randomization studies.","volume":"27","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"zoi190153r39","article-title":"The landscape of pervasive horizontal pleiotropy in human genetic variation is driven by extreme polygenicity of human traits and diseases","author":"Jordan","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi190153r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases.","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","article-title":"Multivariable mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects.","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi190153r42","article-title":"An examination of multivariable mendelian randomization in the single-sample and two-sample summary data settings","author":"Sanderson","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi190153r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx034","article-title":"MendelianRandomization: an R package for performing mendelian randomization analyses using summarized data.","volume":"46","author":"Yavorska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7675","key":"zoi190153r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24277","article-title":"Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues.","volume":"550","author":"Battle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi190153r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507125112","article-title":"A survey of human brain transcriptome diversity at the single cell level.","volume":"112","author":"Darmanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi190153r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.09.027","article-title":"Molecular diversity of midbrain development in mouse, human, and stem cells.","volume":"167","author":"La Manno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7697","key":"zoi190153r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25980","article-title":"A single-cell RNA-seq survey of the developmental landscape of the human prefrontal cortex.","volume":"555","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi190153r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4407","article-title":"Massively parallel single-nucleus RNA-seq with DroNc-seq.","volume":"14","author":"Habib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004219","article-title":"MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data.","volume":"11","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi190153r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01261-5","article-title":"Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA.","volume":"8","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi190153r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007081","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007081","article-title":"Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data.","volume":"13","author":"Hemani","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi190153r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22186","article-title":"Comparing trauma exposure, mental health needs, and service utilization across clinical samples of refugee, immigrant, and US-origin children.","volume":"30","author":"Betancourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi190153r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-13-00241","article-title":"Risk-taking behaviors and impulsivity among veterans with and without PTSD and mild TBI.","volume":"179","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"zoi190153r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9634-6","article-title":"Trajectories of posttraumatic stress among urban residents.","volume":"53","author":"Lowe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"zoi190153r56","article-title":"Genetic consequences of social stratification in Great Britain","author":"Abdellaoui","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"6374","key":"zoi190153r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6877","article-title":"The nature of nurture: effects of parental genotypes.","volume":"359","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"zoi190153r58","article-title":"Genetic nature or genetic nurture? quantifying bias in analyses using polygenic scores","author":"Trejo","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi190153r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000597","article-title":"Trajectories of PTSD risk and resilience in World Trade Center responders: an 8-year prospective cohort study.","volume":"44","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi190153r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2332858418810516","article-title":"Genetics and education: recent developments in the context of an ugly history and an uncertain future.","volume":"5","author":"Martschenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"AERA Open"},{"key":"zoi190153r6","volume-title":"Handbook of Health Research Methods","author":"Bowling","year":"2005"},{"key":"zoi190153r7","volume-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics","author":"Szklo","year":"2006","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"zoi190153r8","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Rothman","year":"2008","edition":"3rd ed"},{"key":"zoi190153r15","first-page":"428","volume-title":"Biosocial Surveys","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2008"},{"key":"zoi190153r23","unstructured":"Neale Lab. GWAS of the UK Biobank. http:\/\/www.nealelab.is\/uk-biobank\/. Accessed August 2, 2018."},{"key":"zoi190153r36","unstructured":"ZhaoQ, WangJ, HemaniG, BowdenJ, SmallDS. Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score.arXiv. 2018. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1801.09652. Accessed March 25, 2019."},{"key":"zoi190153r37","unstructured":"ZhangQ, YangC, WangJ, SmallDS. Powerful genome-wide design and robust statistical inference in two-sample summary-data mendelian randomization.arXiv. 2018. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1804.07371. Accessed March 25, 2019."},{"key":"zoi190153r52","unstructured":"RobinsonMR, KleinmanA, GraffM, . Genetic evidence of assortative mating in humans.Nature Human Behaviour. 2017;1(1). https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41562-016-0016. Accessed April 1, 2019."}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/\/jamanetworkopen\/article-pdf\/2\/5\/e193447\/17553064\/polimanti_2019_oi_190153.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T11:40:10Z","timestamp":1556883610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/jamanetworkopen.jamanetwork.com\/article.aspx?doi=10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3447"}},"subtitle":["A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3447","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]]}}}