{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T10:49:22Z","timestamp":1792752562884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]],"date-time":"2020-09-25T15:00:50Z","timestamp":1601046050000},"page":"e2018150","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":174,"title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence by Income Level in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Salma M.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10077","key":"zoi200653r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30571-8","article-title":"Population health in an era of rising income inequality: USA, 1980-2015.","volume":"389","author":"Bor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi200653r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0707519","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries.","volume":"358","author":"Mackenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"zoi200653r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.166082","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us.","volume":"100","author":"Braveman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.300086","article-title":"Estimated deaths attributable to social factors in the United States.","volume":"101","author":"Galea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi200653r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.4226","article-title":"The association between income and life expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014.","volume":"315","author":"Chetty","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200653r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.11132","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic, unemployment, and civil unrest: underlying deep racial and socioeconomic divides.","volume":"324","author":"Galea","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi200653r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.16932","article-title":"Life expectancy and mortality rates in the United States, 1959-2017.","volume":"322","author":"Woolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200653r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-016-0089-x","article-title":"Changes in life expectancy 1950-2010: contributions from age- and disease-specific mortality in selected countries.","volume":"14","author":"Klenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200653r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.88.2.119","article-title":"Trends in mortality from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in Europe and other areas of the world.","volume":"88","author":"Levi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200653r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz143","article-title":"Is the long-term decline in cardiovascular-disease mortality in high-income countries over? evidence from national vital statistics.","volume":"48","author":"Lopez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"162","key":"zoi200653r17","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 2011-2014.","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200653r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","article-title":"The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach.","volume":"39","author":"Zajacova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200653r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2630-4","article-title":"The impact of the combination of income and education on the incidence of coronary heart disease in the prospective Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort study.","volume":"15","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200653r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-014-0997-7","article-title":"Unemployment is associated with high cardiovascular event rate and increased all-cause mortality in middle-aged socially privileged individuals.","volume":"88","author":"Meneton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004416","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden and socioeconomic correlates: findings from the Jackson Heart Study.","volume":"6","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"zoi200653r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1973","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature.","volume":"88","author":"Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200653r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq193","article-title":"Influence of life-course socioeconomic position on incident heart failure in blacks and whites: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.","volume":"172","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.04.006","article-title":"Socioeconomic indicators and the risk of acute coronary heart disease events: comparison of population-based data from the United States and Finland.","volume":"21","author":"Kucharska-Newton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200653r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv253","article-title":"The association of socioeconomic status with subclinical myocardial damage, incident cardiovascular events, and mortality in the ARIC Study.","volume":"183","author":"Fretz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200653r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500458","article-title":"Enhancing the reach of cognitive-behavioral therapy targeting posttraumatic stress in acute care medical settings.","volume":"68","author":"Darnell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r31","first-page":"698","article-title":"Income and heart disease: neglected risk factor.","volume":"61","author":"Lemstra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200653r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.10.014","article-title":"SES, heart failure, and N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.","volume":"54","author":"Vart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200653r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.02.023","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the U.S.: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2012.","volume":"51","author":"Yoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200653r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000659","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142019 update: a report from the American Heart Association.","volume":"139","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200653r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1161\/HHF.0b013e318291329a","article-title":"Forecasting the impact of heart failure in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"6","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e31829734f2","article-title":"Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association.","volume":"44","author":"Ovbiagele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200653r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.1813","article-title":"Association of out-of-pocket annual health expenditures with financial hardship in low-income adults with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the United States.","volume":"3","author":"Khera","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200653r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030128","article-title":"Burden of catastrophic health expenditures for acute myocardial infarction and stroke among uninsured in the United States.","volume":"137","author":"Khera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi200653r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.117.004873","article-title":"National burden of heart failure events in the United States, 2006 to 2014.","volume":"11","author":"Jackson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200653r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.108.847202","article-title":"Trends in 10-year predicted risk of cardiovascular disease in the United States, 1976 to 2004.","volume":"2","author":"Lopez-Jimenez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"zoi200653r11","volume-title":"The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi200653r1","unstructured":"Saez? E. Striking it richer: the evolution of top incomes in the United States (updated with 2017 final estimates). Published March 2, 2019. Accessed January 8, 2020. https:\/\/eml.berkeley.edu\/~saez\/saez-UStopincomes-2017.pdf"},{"key":"zoi200653r2","unstructured":"Proctor? BD, Semega? JL, Kollar? MA. US Census Bureau. Income and poverty in the United States: 2015. Published September 13, 2016. Accessed January 8, 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/library\/publications\/2016\/demo\/p60-256.html"},{"key":"zoi200653r4","unstructured":"Perry? MJ. Explaining US income inequality by household demographics, 2018 update. Published September 11, 2019. Accessed January 15, 2020. https:\/\/www.aei.org\/carpe-diem\/explaining-us-income-inequality-by-household-demographics-2018-update\/?"},{"key":"zoi200653r5","unstructured":"Cristia? JP. The empirical relationship between lifetime earnings and mortality: working paper 2007-11. Published August 1, 2007. Accessed January 8, 2020. https:\/\/www.cbo.gov\/publication\/19096?"},{"key":"zoi200653r10","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization; 2008. Accessed January 8, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/social_determinants\/final_report\/csdh_finalreport_2008.pdf?"},{"key":"zoi200653r18","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. NCHS research ethics review board (ERB) approval. Accessed June 15, 2020. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/irba98.htm"},{"key":"zoi200653r19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Continuous NHANES tutorial. Specifying weighting parameters. Accessed March 26, 2020. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/tutorials\/module3.aspx"},{"key":"zoi200653r20","unstructured":"EQUATOR Network. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Accessed June 15, 2020. https:\/\/www.equator-network.org\/reporting-guidelines\/strobe\/"},{"key":"zoi200653r21","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2015-2016 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. INDFMPIR\u2014Ratio of family income to poverty. Published September 2017. Accessed March 26, 2020. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nhanes\/Search\/DataPage.aspx?Component=Demographics&CycleBeginYear=2015"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2770958\/abdalla_2020_oi_200653_1600295029.83301.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T05:45:50Z","timestamp":1617515150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2770958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.18150","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,25]]}}}