{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:07:51Z","timestamp":1792591671855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T13:00:45Z","timestamp":1586955645000},"page":"e202868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Association of Grandparental and Parental Age at Childbirth With Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajun","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"The Ministry of Education\u2013Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education\u2013Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyan","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"},{"name":"Yale Center for Perinatal, Pediatric, and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"zoi200140r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6513a1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2012.","volume":"65","author":"Christensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200140r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years: Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2014.","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200140r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1893","article-title":"Explaining the increase in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders: the proportion attributable to changes in reporting practices.","volume":"169","author":"Hansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi200140r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"38","author":"Lyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200140r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30181-6","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and biomarkers for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review of the evidence.","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200140r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws237","article-title":"Is later better or worse? association of advanced parental age with offspring cognitive ability among half a million young Swedish men.","volume":"177","author":"Myrskyl\u00e4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi200140r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn250","article-title":"Advanced parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"168","author":"Durkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200140r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp247","article-title":"Risk of autism and increasing maternal and paternal age in a large north American population.","volume":"170","author":"Grether","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi200140r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1801-3","article-title":"Parental age and risk of autism spectrum disorders in a Finnish national birth cohort.","volume":"43","author":"Lampi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200140r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.12.006","article-title":"Parental age and autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"22","author":"Parner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200140r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.2017.135.issue-1","article-title":"Advanced parental age and autism risk in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"135","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200140r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.009","article-title":"De novo gene disruptions in children on the autistic spectrum.","volume":"74","author":"Iossifov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"7412","key":"zoi200140r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11396","article-title":"Rate of de novo mutations and the importance of father\u2019s age to disease risk.","volume":"488","author":"Kong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.02.018","article-title":"Advancing maternal age is associated with increasing risk for autism: a review and meta-analysis.","volume":"51","author":"Sandin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200140r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006497","article-title":"Nicotine exposure of male mice produces behavioral impairment in multiple generations of descendants.","volume":"16","author":"McCarthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"zoi200140r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.27","article-title":"Grand-paternal age and the development of autism-like symptoms in mice progeny.","volume":"4","author":"Sampino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi200140r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36250","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36250","article-title":"The transgenerational inheritance of autism-like phenotypes in mice exposed to valproic acid during pregnancy.","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"zoi200140r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46179","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46179","article-title":"Grand-maternal smoking in pregnancy and grandchild\u2019s autistic traits and diagnosed autism.","volume":"7","author":"Golding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200140r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0727","article-title":"Association of exposure to diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy with multigenerational neurodevelopmental deficits.","volume":"172","author":"Kioumourtzoglou","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1180","article-title":"Autism risk across generations: a population-based study of advancing grandpaternal and paternal age.","volume":"70","author":"Frans","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"zoi200140r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.027","article-title":"Advanced paternal and grandpaternal age and schizophrenia: a three-generation perspective.","volume":"133","author":"Frans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200140r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.3935","article-title":"Association of psychiatric and neurologic comorbidity with mortality among persons with autism spectrum disorder in a Danish population.","volume":"170","author":"Schendel","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200140r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0356-1","article-title":"The Danish medical birth register.","volume":"33","author":"Bliddal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi200140r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/acp.1993.87.issue-s370","article-title":"The Danish psychiatric register as a tool in epidemiology.","volume":"370","author":"Munk-J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200140r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017172","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register: findings from a cohort sample.","volume":"7","author":"Nissen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200140r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.01.014","article-title":"Frequency and pattern of documented diagnostic features and the age of autism identification.","volume":"52","author":"Maenner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq127","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Nordic Perinatal Bereavement Cohort.","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200140r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.11.005","article-title":"Advancing parental age and autism: multifactorial pathways.","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.70","article-title":"Autism risk associated with parental age and with increasing difference in age between the parents.","volume":"21","author":"Sandin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200140r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt262","article-title":"Parental age and the risk of autism spectrum disorders: findings from a Swedish population-based cohort.","volume":"43","author":"Idring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200140r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.4.334","article-title":"Maternal and paternal age and risk of autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"161","author":"Croen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200140r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009939","article-title":"Parental and grandparental ages in the autistic spectrum disorders: a birth cohort study.","volume":"5","author":"Golding","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200140r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164212","article-title":"Paternal age explains a major portion of de novo germline mutation rate variability in healthy individuals.","volume":"11","author":"Girard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200140r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3577","article-title":"Risk of psychiatric illness from advanced paternal age is not predominantly from de novo mutations.","volume":"48","author":"Gratten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200140r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28160-z","article-title":"Age at first birth in women is genetically associated with increased risk of schizophrenia.","volume":"8","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0129","article-title":"Evidence for genetic overlap between schizophrenia and age at first birth in women.","volume":"73","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi200140r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-015-0028-x","article-title":"Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring.","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200140r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002102","article-title":"Do autism-related personality traits explain higher paternal age in autism?","volume":"13","author":"Puleo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200140r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4081","article-title":"A comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"71","author":"McGrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200140r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.07.002","article-title":"Teenage pregnancy and the influence of paternal involvement on fetal outcomes.","volume":"24","author":"Alio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200140r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.2008.49.issue-2","article-title":"Early motherhood and subsequent life outcomes.","volume":"49","author":"Boden","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200140r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21048","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, education, and reproduction in modern women: an evolutionary perspective.","volume":"22","author":"Huber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200140r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011551","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality in the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: evidence from a U.S. cross-sectional study.","volume":"5","author":"Durkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200140r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0039-z","article-title":"Transgenerational epigenetic influences of paternal environmental exposures on brain function and predisposition to psychiatric disorders.","volume":"24","author":"Yeshurun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200140r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0818-0","article-title":"Validity of childhood autism in the Danish Psychiatric Central Register: findings from a cohort sample born 1990-1999.","volume":"40","author":"Lauritsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"zoi200140r1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","edition":"4th ed"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2764401\/gao_2020_oi_200140.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T13:00:47Z","timestamp":1586955647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2764401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.2868","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]}}}