{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:37:58Z","timestamp":1791200278719,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T15:31:10Z","timestamp":1587655870000},"page":"e203560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Association Between Visual Impairment and Decline in Cognitive Function in a Multiethnic Asian Population"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Zhi Wei","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao-Li","family":"Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi Da","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thakur","family":"Sahil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijin","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivani","family":"Majithia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charumathi","family":"Sabanayagam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Li-Hsian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien Yin","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Chung","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200166r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30293-0","article-title":"Magnitude, temporal trends, and projections of the global prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"5","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200166r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1158","article-title":"Burden of visual impairment and chronic diseases.","volume":"134","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10053","key":"zoi200166r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.","volume":"388","author":"Vos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200166r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.2493","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between visual impairment and cognitive functioning: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Study.","volume":"136","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi200166r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.2004.52.issue-12","article-title":"Vision impairment and combined vision and hearing impairment predict cognitive and functional decline in older women.","volume":"52","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200166r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly244","article-title":"Vision impairment and cognitive outcomes in older adults: the Health ABC Study.","volume":"74","author":"Swenor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.047498","article-title":"Impact of unilateral and bilateral vision loss on quality of life.","volume":"89","author":"Vu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"25","key":"zoi200166r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022252","article-title":"Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly.","volume":"348","author":"Verghese","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.6.742","article-title":"Participation in cognitively stimulating activities and risk of incident Alzheimer disease.","volume":"287","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000202520.68987.48","article-title":"Leisure activities and the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in the elderly.","volume":"66","author":"Verghese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200166r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.4.537","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS report no. 16.","volume":"124","author":"Clemons","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"zoi200166r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)38086-5","article-title":"Brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease; use it or lose it.","volume":"138","author":"Swaab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"zoi200166r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0286-2","article-title":"Vision and hearing impairments, cognitive impairment and mortality among long-term care recipients: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"16","author":"Mitoku","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200166r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.2838","article-title":"Association of vision loss with cognition in older adults.","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200166r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2012.152","article-title":"Visual impairment, age-related eye diseases, and cognitive function: the Singapore Malay Eye study.","volume":"130","author":"Ong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1159\/000095129","article-title":"Sensory and cognitive association in older persons: findings from an older Australian population.","volume":"52","author":"Tay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147646","article-title":"Visual impairment, hearing loss and cognitive function in an older population: longitudinal findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study.","volume":"11","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi200166r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9596","key":"zoi200166r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3109\/09286580903144738","article-title":"Methodology of the Singapore Indian Chinese Cohort (SICC) eye study: quantifying ethnic variations in the epidemiology of eye diseases in Asians.","volume":"16","author":"Lavanya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600878844","article-title":"Rationale and methodology for a population-based study of eye diseases in Malay people: the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES).","volume":"14","author":"Foong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200166r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2017.45.issue-8","article-title":"Singapore Indian Eye Study-2: methodology and impact of migration on systemic and eye outcomes.","volume":"45","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.2012.40.issue-6","article-title":"Singapore Malay Eye Study: rationale and methodology of 6-year follow-up study (SiMES-2).","volume":"40","author":"Rosman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200166r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070040138048","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment in an American urban population: the Baltimore Eye Survey.","volume":"108","author":"Tielsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200166r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/1.4.233","article-title":"Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly.","volume":"1","author":"Hodkinson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/3.3.152","article-title":"Evaluation of a ten-question mental test in the institutionalized elderly.","volume":"3","author":"Qureshi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1099-1166","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of two mental status tests in the older Chinese: influence of education and age on cut-off values.","volume":"15","author":"Sahadevan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10460","article-title":"Myopia and cognitive dysfunction: the Singapore Malay Eye Study.","volume":"54","author":"Ong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.2016.280.issue-3","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency and cognitive impairment in Asians: a multi-ethnic population-based study and meta-analysis.","volume":"280","author":"Annweiler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141659","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell analysis using high-definition optical coherence tomography in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"45","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.002","article-title":"Retinal vascular fractal dimension is associated with cognitive dysfunction.","volume":"23","author":"Cheung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi200166r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1159\/000363286","article-title":"Retinal vascular fractals and cognitive impairment.","volume":"4","author":"Ong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304080","article-title":"Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Chinese: epidemiology of dementia in Singapore study.","volume":"84","author":"Hilal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200166r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate.","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.2005.53.issue-3","article-title":"Change in sensory functioning predicts change in cognitive functioning: results from a 6-year follow-up in the Maastricht Aging Study.","volume":"53","author":"Valentijn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200166r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.1868","article-title":"Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults.","volume":"173","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200166r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1159\/000052814","article-title":"Two-year decline in vision but not hearing is associated with memory decline in very old adults in a population-based sample.","volume":"47","author":"Anstey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi200166r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/51B.6.P317","article-title":"Interrelations of age, visual acuity, and cognitive functioning.","volume":"51","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.3.339","article-title":"Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: a strong connection.","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200166r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.2016.64.issue-10","article-title":"Age-related sensory impairments and risk of cognitive impairment.","volume":"64","author":"Fischer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"zoi200166r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.004","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analyses of useful field of view cognitive training.","volume":"84","author":"Edwards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200166r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061624","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of cognitive training using a visual speed of processing intervention in middle aged and older adults.","volume":"8","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200166r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2003.10.019","article-title":"Improvement in cognitive impairment after cataract surgery in elderly patients.","volume":"30","author":"Tamura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"zoi200166r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.03.002","article-title":"Visual restoration after cataract surgery promotes functional and structural brain recovery.","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200166r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2013.91.issue-1","article-title":"Postoperative increase in grey matter volume in visual cortex after unilateral cataract surgery.","volume":"91","author":"Lou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200166r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e332","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.2014.92.issue-4","article-title":"Undercorrection of refractive error and cognitive function: the Beijing Eye Study 2011.","volume":"92","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200166r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095414","article-title":"A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment.","volume":"78","author":"Cullen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi200166r2","volume-title":"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision","author":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2764909\/lim_2020_oi_200166.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T17:31:38Z","timestamp":1589995898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2764909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]}}}