{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T02:49:49Z","timestamp":1792464589302,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T05:12:39Z","timestamp":1613711559000},"page":"e2037371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Risk Factors Associated With Transition From Acute to Chronic Low Back Pain in US Patients Seeking Primary Care"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Stevans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Delitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samannaaz S.","family":"Khoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charity G.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clair N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Freburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol M.","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Freel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physician Network and Quality, St Clair Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwendolyn A.","family":"Sowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay D.","family":"Wasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard P.","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Healthcare Rehabilitation Services, Murray, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Healthcare Rehabilitation Services, Murray, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate I.","family":"Minick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intermountain Healthcare Rehabilitation Services, Murray, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patti L.","family":"Ephraim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Beneciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven Z.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke Clinical Research Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Saper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"zoi201119r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.06.009","article-title":"United States National Pain Strategy for population research: concepts, definitions, and pilot data.","volume":"17","author":"Von Korff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"36","key":"zoi201119r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6736a2","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults\u2014United States, 2016.","volume":"67","author":"Dahlhamer","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi201119r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0734","article-title":"US health care spending by payer and health condition, 1996-2016.","volume":"323","author":"Dieleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi201119r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.3676","article-title":"Expenditures and health care utilization among adults with newly diagnosed low back and lower extremity pain.","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"7410","key":"zoi201119r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.323","article-title":"Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis.","volume":"327","author":"Pengel","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7555","key":"zoi201119r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7555.1430","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain.","volume":"332","author":"Koes","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi201119r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318230ab20","article-title":"The prognosis of acute low back pain in primary care in the United States: a 2-year prospective cohort study.","volume":"37","author":"Mehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi201119r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2013.17.issue-1","article-title":"Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care.","volume":"17","author":"Itz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi201119r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.344","article-title":"Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?","volume":"303","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi201119r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.03.005","article-title":"Report of the NIH Task Force on research standards for chronic low back pain.","volume":"15","author":"Deyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"9802","key":"zoi201119r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60937-9","article-title":"Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"378","author":"Hill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi201119r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1625","article-title":"Effect of stratified care for low back pain in family practice (IMPaCT Back): a prospective population-based sequential comparison.","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi201119r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.01.003","article-title":"Subgrouping low back pain: a comparison of the STarT Back Tool with the Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire.","volume":"14","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"22","key":"zoi201119r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200111150-00022","article-title":"Clinical guidelines for the management of low back pain in primary care: an international comparison.","volume":"26","author":"Koes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi201119r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1502-y","article-title":"An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care.","volume":"19","author":"Koes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi201119r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5673-2","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview.","volume":"27","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi201119r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099805","article-title":"Harms and benefits of opioids for management of non-surgical acute and chronic low back pain: a systematic review.","volume":"54","author":"Tucker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi201119r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-05918-1","article-title":"Imaging versus no imaging for low back pain: a systematic review, measuring costs, healthcare utilization and absence from work.","volume":"28","author":"Lemmers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi201119r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3605","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06181-7","article-title":"Observational study of the downstream consequences of inappropriate MRI of the lumbar spine.","volume":"35","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi201119r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.8992","article-title":"Worsening trends in the management and treatment of back pain.","volume":"173","author":"Mafi","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi201119r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001751","article-title":"What is usual care for low back pain? a systematic review of health care provided to patients with low back pain in family practice and emergency departments.","volume":"161","author":"Kamper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"zoi201119r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.05.010","article-title":"Study protocol for targeted interventions to prevent chronic low back pain in high-risk patients: a multi-site pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial (TARGET Trial).","volume":"82","author":"Delitto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi201119r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1529-0131","article-title":"A primary care back pain screening tool: identifying patient subgroups for initial treatment.","volume":"59","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"22","key":"zoi201119r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017","article-title":"The Oswestry Disability Index.","volume":"25","author":"Fairbank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi201119r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280210395740","article-title":"Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data.","volume":"22","author":"Seaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi201119r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0293","article-title":"Management of low back pain: getting from evidence-based recommendations to high-value care.","volume":"166","author":"Atlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi201119r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.226050","article-title":"Care for low back pain: can health systems deliver?","volume":"97","author":"Traeger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi201119r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001989","article-title":"Transforming low back pain care delivery in the United States.","volume":"161","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10137","key":"zoi201119r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30488-4","article-title":"Low back pain: a call for action.","volume":"391","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi201119r32","first-page":"664","article-title":"Competing demands and opportunities in primary care.","volume":"63","author":"Korownyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi201119r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2018.06.003","article-title":"Advancing practice for back pain through stratified care (STarT Back).","volume":"22","author":"Sowden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi201119r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-018-4468-9","article-title":"Effect of low back pain risk-stratification strategy on patient outcomes and care processes: the MATCH randomized trial in primary care.","volume":"33","author":"Cherkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi201119r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31803ea860","article-title":"Musculoskeletal medicine: an assessment of the attitudes and knowledge of medical students at Harvard Medical School.","volume":"82","author":"Day","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"zoi201119r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a96622","article-title":"Orthopaedists\u2019 and family practitioners\u2019 knowledge of simple low back pain management.","volume":"34","author":"Finestone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi201119r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200502000-00011","article-title":"Adequacy of education in musculoskeletal medicine.","volume":"87","author":"Matzkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"zoi201119r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.08.015","article-title":"The future of guidelines: primary care focused, patient oriented, evidence based and simplified.","volume":"95","author":"Allan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi201119r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009993","article-title":"Achieving change in primary care\u2014effectiveness of strategies for improving implementation of complex interventions: systematic review of reviews.","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi201119r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-709X-19-17","article-title":"The establishment of a primary spine care practitioner and its benefits to health care reform in the United States.","volume":"19","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi201119r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E178","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31827bf40c","article-title":"The effect of required physiatrist consultation on surgery rates for back pain.","volume":"38","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi201119r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.v12.6","article-title":"Costs associated with the treatment of low back disorders: a comparison of surgeons and physiatrists.","volume":"12","author":"Standaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi201119r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/2053434518816529","article-title":"Turning teams and pathways into integrated practice units: appearance characteristics and added value.","volume":"21","author":"van Harten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Care Coord"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi201119r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5688\/aj7308142","article-title":"Best practices for survey research reports revisited: implications of target population, probability sampling, and response rate.","volume":"73","author":"Draugalis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pharm Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi201119r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2012.00854.x","article-title":"In the 21st Century, what is an acceptable response rate?","volume":"36","author":"Morton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi201119r46","article-title":"Framework for improving outcome prediction for acute to chronic low back pain transitions.","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Rep"},{"key":"zoi201119r1","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017) results. Accessed January 11, 2021. http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool"},{"key":"zoi201119r26","unstructured":"Neighborhood Atlas. Accessed January 11, 2021. https:\/\/www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu\/mapping"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2776518\/stevans_2021_oi_201119_1612883600.44645.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T05:12:49Z","timestamp":1613711569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2776518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37371","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,16]]}}}