{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:04:24Z","timestamp":1787169864248,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]],"date-time":"2020-06-26T23:03:47Z","timestamp":1593212627000},"page":"e208925","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Association of Household Exposure to Primary\n                    <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                    Infection With Secondary Infection in Family Members"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Segre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sriram V.","family":"Pemmaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Polgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200373r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408913","article-title":"Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States.","volume":"372","author":"Lessa","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200373r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.027","article-title":"New insights into transmission of Clostridium difficile infection-narrative review.","volume":"24","author":"Durovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200373r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2307\/30141083","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis.","volume":"16","author":"Gerding","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/143.1.42","article-title":"Isolation of Clostridium difficile from the environment and contacts of patients with antibiotic-associated colitis.","volume":"143","author":"Kim","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1086\/674396","article-title":"Contamination of healthcare workers\u2019 hands with Clostridium difficile spores after caring for patients with C difficile infection.","volume":"35","author":"Landelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200373r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.335","article-title":"Acquisition of Clostridium difficile on hands of healthcare personnel caring for patients with resolved C difficile infection.","volume":"37","author":"Shrestha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.147","article-title":"Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance.","volume":"12","author":"McDonnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi200373r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1216064","article-title":"Diverse sources of C difficile infection identified on whole-genome sequencing.","volume":"369","author":"Eyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6959","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43464-4","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing reveals nosocomial Clostridioides difficile transmission and a previously unsuspected epidemic scenario.","volume":"9","author":"Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200373r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1086\/652454","article-title":"Trends in Clostridium difficile infection among peripartum women.","volume":"31","author":"Kuntz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835bf6c0","article-title":"Recent trends in the epidemiology and treatment of C difficile infection in children.","volume":"25","author":"Sammons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200373r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt129","article-title":"Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis.","volume":"68","author":"Deshpande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.398","article-title":"The epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: a population-based study.","volume":"107","author":"Khanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi200373r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.7056","article-title":"Epidemiology of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection, 2009 through 2011.","volume":"173","author":"Chitnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200373r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03888-15","article-title":"Environmental contamination in households of patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.","volume":"82","author":"Shaughnessy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200373r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164504","article-title":"More than 50% of Clostridium difficile isolates from pet dogs in Flagstaff, USA, carry toxigenic genotypes.","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1402-7","article-title":"Preliminary studies on isolates of Clostridium difficile from dogs and exotic pets.","volume":"14","author":"Andr\u00e9s-Lasheras","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200373r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.12.011","article-title":"Risk of secondary cases of Clostridium difficile infection among household contacts of index cases.","volume":"64","author":"P\u00e9pin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi200373r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2016.178","article-title":"Household transmission of Clostridium difficile to family members and domestic pets.","volume":"37","author":"Loo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi200373r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-306","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) hospitalization among hospitalized patients with an initial CDI episode: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi200373r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.170797","article-title":"Disease burden of Clostridium difficile infections in adults, Hong Kong, China, 2006-2014.","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi200373r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp160186","article-title":"Development of a bedside scoring system for predicting a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.","volume":"74","author":"Viswesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir301","article-title":"Cumulative antibiotic exposures over time and the risk of Clostridium difficile infection.","volume":"53","author":"Stevens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi200373r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1086\/519178","article-title":"Onset of symptoms and time to diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated disease following discharge from an acute care hospital.","volume":"28","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi200373r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02176-12","article-title":"Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection.","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"zoi200373r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.01.006","article-title":"Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: how real is it?","volume":"24","author":"Lessa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90019-6","article-title":"Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection.","volume":"40","author":"Bignardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi200373r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1086\/521664","article-title":"Risk of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a Quebec medical intensive care unit.","volume":"28","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"zoi200373r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1012413","article-title":"Host and pathogen factors for Clostridium difficile infection and colonization.","volume":"365","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi200373r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00082-09","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections.","volume":"23","author":"Freeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi200373r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2014.11.004","article-title":"The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection inside and outside health care institutions.","volume":"29","author":"Gerding","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi200373r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1086\/651095","article-title":"A time-series analysis of Clostridium difficile and its seasonal association with influenza.","volume":"31","author":"Polgreen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi200373r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0499-0","article-title":"The importance of colonization with Clostridium difficile on infection and transmission.","volume":"17","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"zoi200373r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1258-4","article-title":"Asymptomatic Clostridium difficile colonization: epidemiology and clinical implications.","volume":"15","author":"Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi200373r1","volume-title":"Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease in US Hospitals, 1993\u20132005","author":"Elixhauser","year":"2008"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2767677\/miller_2020_oi_200373.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T11:01:16Z","timestamp":1595502076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2767677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8925","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]}}}