{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:43:26Z","timestamp":1778960606469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T15:12:26Z","timestamp":1625584346000},"page":"e2115699","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Piero","family":"Poletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Tirani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Health Protection Agency of Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Cereda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Guzzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Trentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Marziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Toso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Agency of Brianza, Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Piccarreta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Decision Sciences, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Melegaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Social and Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Andreassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Gramegna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate General for Health, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Ajelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington"},{"name":"Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Merler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Emergencies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"zoi210471r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30164-X","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"5","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"zoi210471r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2006141","article-title":"Critical supply shortages \u2014the need for ventilators and personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"382","author":"Ranney","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi210471r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0843-2","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks.","volume":"26","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"31","key":"zoi210471r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6931e1","volume":"69","author":"Szablewski","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi210471r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa191","article-title":"COVID-19 in health-care workers: a living systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes.","volume":"190","author":"G\u00f3mez-Ochoa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi210471r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.11.008","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"108","author":"Galanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi210471r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30589-2","article-title":"Risk of COVID-19 in health-care workers in Denmark: an observational cohort study.","volume":"20","author":"Iversen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi210471r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12897","article-title":"Association between universal masking in a health care system and SARS-CoV-2 positivity among health care workers.","volume":"324","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi210471r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14765","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in health care personnel in the New York City area.","volume":"324","author":"Moscola","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi210471r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4214","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care workers in a tertiary community hospital.","volume":"180","author":"Jeremias","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi210471r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203027","article-title":"Risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers, Turin, Italy.","volume":"27","author":"Calcagno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"155","key":"zoi210471r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0068-2020","article-title":"Protecting healthcare workers from SARS-CoV-2 infection: practical indications.","volume":"29","author":"Ferioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi210471r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01224","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01224-20","article-title":"Clinical and analytical performance of an automated serological test that identifies S1\/S2-neutralizing IgG In COVID-19 patients semiquantitatively. 2020.","volume":"58","author":"Bonelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210471r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR.","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210471r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.1283","article-title":"Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among US health care personnel.","volume":"4","author":"Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi210471r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-1236","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey in health care workers of the Veneto region.","volume":"58","author":"Plebani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi210471r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215414","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asymptomatic viral carriage in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"75","author":"Shields","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"zoi210471r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1848","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1848","article-title":"Emergency departments must not return to pre-covid days of overcrowding and lack of safety, says college.","volume":"369","author":"O\u2019Dowd","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"29","key":"zoi210471r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.29.2001352","article-title":"A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools\u2019 reopening, Israel, May 2020.","volume":"25","author":"Stein-Zamir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi210471r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"zoi210471r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu? S, Wang? W, Wang? Y, Litvinova? M, Luo? K, Ren? L, ? Infectivity, susceptibility, and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 transmission under intensive contact tracing in Hunan, China.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online November 3, 2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160317","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160317"},{"key":"zoi210471r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houlihan? C, Vora? N, Byrne? T, Lewer? D, Heaney? J, Moore? DA, ? SARS-CoV-2 virus and antibodies in front-line health care workers in an acute hospital in London: preliminary results from a longitudinal study.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online June 9, 2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.06.08.20120584","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.08.20120584"},{"key":"zoi210471r14","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Mask use in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak"},{"key":"zoi210471r15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions: scientific brief. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/commentaries\/detail\/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions"},{"key":"zoi210471r17","unstructured":"Ministero della Salute. COVID-19 Situazione in Italia. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.salute.gov.it\/portale\/nuovocoronavirus\/dettaglioContenutiNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?area=nuovoCoronavirus&id=5351&lingua=italiano&menu=vuoto"},{"key":"zoi210471r18","unstructured":"Regione Lombardia. Decreto N. 3351 del 14\/03\/2020: disposizioni integrative in attuazione della DGR N. XI\/2906 DELL\u20198\/03\/2020 per l\u2019organizzazione della rete ospedaliera in ordine all\u2019emergenza epidemiologica da COVID-19. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.osservatorionazionalescreening.it"},{"key":"zoi210471r19","unstructured":"Regione Lombardia. Delibera n. 3115 del 7 maggio 2020\u2014indirizzi per l'organizzazione delle attivit\u00e0 sanitarie. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.regione.lombardia.it\/wps\/wcm\/connect\/0409d41a-e474-49cd-af65-1c2250ba07ab\/DGR+n_+3115_07_05_2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-0409d41a-e474-49cd-af65-1c2250ba07ab-n8eAvAA"},{"key":"zoi210471r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GeurtsvanKessel? CH, Okba? NMA, Igloi? Z, ? Towards the next phase: evaluation of serological assays for diagnostics and exposure assessment.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online May 5, 2020. doi:10.1101\/2020.04.23.20077156","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.23.20077156"},{"key":"zoi210471r22","unstructured":"Cereda? D, Tirani? M, Rovida? F,  The early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy. arXiv. Preprint posted March 20, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.09320"},{"key":"zoi210471r24","unstructured":"Cohen? AN, Kessel? B. False positives in reverse transcription PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online May 1, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.04.26.20080911v1"},{"key":"zoi210471r25","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0. COVID-19 integrated surveillance: key national data. Accessed November 5, 2020. https:\/\/www.epicentro.iss.it\/en\/coronavirus\/sars-cov-2-integrated-surveillance-data"},{"key":"zoi210471r30","unstructured":"Poletti? P, Tirani? M, Cereda? D,  Probability of symptoms and critical disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection. arXiv. Preprint posted online June 15, 2020. Accessed May 26, 2021. https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.08471"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2781622\/poletti_2021_oi_210471_1624563411.21345.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T15:12:41Z","timestamp":1625584361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2781622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15699","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]]}}}