{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T14:44:08Z","timestamp":1791211448388,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.29409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T14:06:24Z","timestamp":1634738784000},"page":"e2129409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Trends in and Characteristics of Buprenorphine Misuse Among Adults in the US"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Beth","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily B.","family":"Einstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson M.","family":"Compton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi210861r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.3126","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of opioid misuse and addiction: a review.","volume":"76","author":"Volkow","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi210861r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002718","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pain with various buprenorphine formulations: a systematic review of clinical studies.","volume":"127","author":"Aiyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"zoi210861r5","first-page":"859","article-title":"Buprenorphine\u2014an attractive opioid with underutilized potential in treatment of chronic pain.","volume":"8","author":"Khanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi210861r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz356","article-title":"Understanding buprenorphine for use in chronic pain: expert opinion.","volume":"21","author":"Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"zoi210861r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.029","article-title":"US trends in the supply of providers with a waiver to prescribe buprenorphine for opioid use disorder in 2016 and 2018.","volume":"204","author":"Ghertner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi210861r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2403","article-title":"Growth and distribution of buprenorphine-waivered providers in the United States, 2007-2017.","volume":"172","author":"McBain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi210861r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108083","article-title":"Buprenorphine prescription dispensing rates and characteristics following federal changes in prescribing policy, 2017-2018: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"213","author":"Roehler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210861r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14436","article-title":"Characteristics and prescribing practices of clinicians recently waivered to prescribe buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder.","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi210861r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12328","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to prescribing buprenorphine for the treatment of opioid use disorder: recommendations from rural physicians.","volume":"35","author":"Andrilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210861r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1566583","article-title":"Barriers to buprenorphine expansion in Ohio: a time-elapsed qualitative study.","volume":"51","author":"Molfenter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"zoi210861r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.04.005","article-title":"Why aren\u2019t physicians prescribing more buprenorphine?","volume":"78","author":"Huhn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi210861r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3711","article-title":"Association of racial\/ethnic segregation with treatment capacity for opioid use disorder in counties in the United States.","volume":"3","author":"Goedel","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi210861r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0876","article-title":"Buprenorphine treatment divide by race\/ethnicity and payment.","volume":"76","author":"Lagisetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10182","key":"zoi210861r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33078-2","article-title":"Management of opioid use disorder in the USA: present status and future directions.","volume":"393","author":"Blanco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi210861r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2018.05145","article-title":"Trends in buprenorphine prescribing by physician specialty.","volume":"38","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210861r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.18913","article-title":"Trends in buprenorphine treatment in the United States, 2009-2018.","volume":"323","author":"Olfson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi210861r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107958","article-title":"On my own terms: motivations for self-treating opioid-use disorder with non-prescribed buprenorphine.","volume":"210","author":"Silverstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"zoi210861r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.06.019","article-title":"\u201cThey\u2019re making it so hard for people to get help:\u201d motivations for non-prescribed buprenorphine use in a time of treatment expansion.","volume":"71","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"zoi210861r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107574","article-title":"Patterns of non-prescribed buprenorphine and other opioid use among individuals with opioid use disorder: a latent class analysis.","volume":"204","author":"Daniulaityte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi210861r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000436","article-title":"The more things change: buprenorphine\/naloxone diversion continues while treatment remains inaccessible.","volume":"12","author":"Carroll","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi210861r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0865","article-title":"Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults: 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.","volume":"167","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi210861r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.7326\/L17-0700","article-title":"Prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders in US adults.","volume":"168","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi210861r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000202481","article-title":"The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale: a multidimensional measure of nicotine dependence.","volume":"6","author":"Shiffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi210861r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01745.x","article-title":"Discrepancies in estimates of prevalence and correlates of substance use and disorders between two national surveys.","volume":"102","author":"Grucza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi210861r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.12.007","article-title":"A clinical validation of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health assessment of substance use disorders.","volume":"33","author":"Jordan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"zoi210861r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.028","article-title":"Buprenorphine and methadone treatment for opioid dependence by income, ethnicity and race of neighborhoods in New York City.","volume":"164","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"43","key":"zoi210861r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6843a3","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and age group differences in opioid and synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths among adults aged =18 years in metropolitan areas\u2014United States, 2015-2017.","volume":"68","author":"Lippold","year":"2019","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi210861r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.7374","article-title":"Use of medications for treatment of opioid use disorder among US Medicaid enrollees in 11 states, 2014-2018.","volume":"326","author":"Donohue","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi210861r39","article-title":"Access to and payment for office-based buprenorphine treatment in Ohio.","volume":"11","author":"Parran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"zoi210861r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.017","article-title":"Linking patients with buprenorphine treatment in primary care: predictors of engagement.","volume":"181","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi210861r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1801417","article-title":"Suicide: a silent contributor to opioid-overdose deaths.","volume":"378","author":"Oquendo","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi210861r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1045","article-title":"Risks of mortality following nonfatal intentional and unintentional opioid overdoses.","volume":"77","author":"Olfson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi210861r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107612","article-title":"Suicidal motivations reported by opioid overdose survivors: a cross-sectional study of adults with opioid use disorder.","volume":"205","author":"Connery","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi210861r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09287","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of past 12-month suicide attempt among adults with past-year suicidal ideation in the United States.","volume":"76","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"zoi210861r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.03.021","article-title":"Clinical correlates of planned, more lethal suicide attempts in major depressive disorder.","volume":"112","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi210861r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11973","article-title":"Correlates of prescription opioid use, misuse, use disorders, and motivations for misuse among US adults.","volume":"79","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi210861r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2018.17091048","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of prescription stimulant use, misuse, use disorders, and motivations for misuse among adults in the United States.","volume":"175","author":"Compton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi210861r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1250","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11760","article-title":"National trends in and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, nonmedical use frequency, and use disorders.","volume":"78","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi210861r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30208-5","article-title":"Marijuana use and use disorders in adults in the USA, 2002-14: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveys.","volume":"3","author":"Compton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi210861r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00949-3","article-title":"Polysubstance use in the US opioid crisis.","volume":"26","author":"Compton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi210861r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.09.001","article-title":"Risk factors for discontinuation of buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorders in a multi-state sample of Medicaid enrollees.","volume":"95","author":"Samples","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"zoi210861r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2019.10.005","article-title":"Association between methamphetamine use and retention among patients with opioid use disorders treated with buprenorphine.","volume":"109","author":"Tsui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"zoi210861r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.005","article-title":"Factors contributing to the rise of buprenorphine misuse: 2008-2013.","volume":"142","author":"Cicero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi210861r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.18543","article-title":"The opioid epidemic during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"324","author":"Haley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi210861r3","volume-title":"Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Save Lives","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2019"},{"key":"zoi210861r18","author":"Han","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi210861r27","first-page":"52","volume-title":"Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys.","author":"American Association for Public Opinion Research","year":"2015","edition":"8th ed."},{"key":"zoi210861r29","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed, text re"},{"key":"zoi210861r33","volume-title":"Reliability of Key Measures in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2010"},{"key":"zoi210861r34","volume-title":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health: An Overview of Trend Testing Methods and Applications in NSDUH and Other Studies","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality"},{"key":"zoi210861r35","author":"Research Triangle Institute","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi210861r46","author":"Fiore","year":"2008"},{"key":"zoi210861r1","unstructured":"American Medical Association. Issue brief: nation\u2019s drug-related overdose and death epidemic continues to worsen. Updated August 4, 2021. Accessed January 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/system\/files\/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf"},{"key":"zoi210861r17","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Practice guidelines for the administration of buprenorphine for treating opioid use disorder. April 28, 2021. Accessed September 15, 2021. https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2021\/04\/28\/2021-08961\/practice-guidelines-for-the-administration-of-buprenorphine-for-treating-opioid-use-disorder"},{"key":"zoi210861r26","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Accessed December 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/data-we-collect\/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health"},{"key":"zoi210861r55","unstructured":"American Society of Addiction Medicine. Access to buprenorphine in office-based settings. Updated November 13, 2020. Accessed January 14, 2020. https:\/\/www.asam.org\/Quality-Science\/covid-19-coronavirus\/access-to-buprenorphine"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2785011\/han_2021_oi_210861_1633537613.28483.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T14:08:11Z","timestamp":1634738891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2785011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.29409","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]}}}