{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T07:31:18Z","timestamp":1785396678873,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T16:02:08Z","timestamp":1638979328000},"page":"e2137745","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Factors Associated With the Use of a Salt Substitute in Rural China"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Yishu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongling","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallie-Anne","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing L.","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, and Global Health Research Centre, Duke Kunshan, University, Kunshan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darwin R.","family":"Labarthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxian","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control of Hebei Province, Shijizhuang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evidence-based Medicine, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jixin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Disease Prevention and Control, Center for Disease Control of Hebei Province, Shijizhuang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi\u2019an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maoyi","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hueiming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Institute for Women, Children and Their Families, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211070r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1304127","article-title":"Global sodium consumption and death from cardiovascular causes.","volume":"371","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211070r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-020-00553-5","article-title":"The role of contextualisation in enhancing non-communicable disease programmes and policy implementation to achieve health for all.","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"zoi211070r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f1325","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1325","article-title":"Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.","volume":"346","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"zoi211070r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"f1326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f1326","article-title":"Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses.","volume":"346","author":"Aburto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"zoi211070r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.02.033","article-title":"Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS)\u2014a large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial.","volume":"188","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"zoi211070r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2019.12.020","article-title":"Interim effects of salt substitution on urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).","volume":"221","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211070r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2009.7","article-title":"Effects of salt substitute on pulse wave analysis among individuals at high cardiovascular risk in rural China: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"32","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211070r9","first-page":"953","article-title":"Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure, detected hypertension, stroke and mortality.","volume":"105","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"zoi211070r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The Behaviour Change Wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions.","volume":"6","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211070r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2307\/2392366","article-title":"Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: triangulation in action.","volume":"24","author":"Jick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Administrative Sci Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211070r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1865","article-title":"Integrating quantitative and qualitative results in health science mixed methods research through joint displays.","volume":"13","author":"Guetterman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211070r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2010.02.007","article-title":"Dietary sources of sodium in China, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, women and men aged 40 to 59 years: the INTERMAP Study.","volume":"110","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211070r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.059121","article-title":"Understanding the patterns and trends of sodium intake, potassium intake, and sodium to potassium ratio and their effect on hypertension in China.","volume":"99","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211070r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1996.0018","article-title":"Dietary sodium and potassium, socioeconomic status and blood pressure in a Chinese population.","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211070r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114508042360","article-title":"The effects of a reduced-sodium, high-potassium salt substitute on food taste and acceptability in rural northern China.","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"zoi211070r19","author":"Ghimire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211070r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3060694","article-title":"Reducing sodium in foods: the effect on flavor.","volume":"3","author":"Liem","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211070r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601583","article-title":"A one-quarter reduction in the salt content of bread can be made without detection.","volume":"57","author":"Girgis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211070r23","article-title":"The effects of a community-based sodium reduction program in rural China\u2014a cluster-randomized trial.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211070r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.v24.12","article-title":"What happens to patterns of food consumption when food prices change? evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of food price elasticities globally.","volume":"24","author":"Cornelsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211070r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1289","article-title":"Effect of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality and medical expenses of elderly men.","volume":"83","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211070r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b","article-title":"Salt substitution: a low-cost strategy for blood pressure control among rural Chinese: a randomized, controlled trial.","volume":"25","author":"China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211070r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000800342X","article-title":"A food-based dietary strategy lowers blood pressure in a low socio-economic setting: a randomised study in South Africa.","volume":"11","author":"Charlton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi211070r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1038\/ajh.2009.136","article-title":"Family-based randomized trial to detect effects on blood pressure of a salt substitute containing potassium and calcium in hypertensive adolescents.","volume":"22","author":"Mu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"zoi211070r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-88","article-title":"Feasibility and antihypertensive effect of replacing regular salt with mineral salt\u2014rich in magnesium and potassium\u2014in subjects with mildly elevated blood pressure.","volume":"10","author":"Sarkkinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211070r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-018-0802-1","article-title":"Process evaluation of Samoa\u2019s national salt reduction strategy (MASIMA): what interventions can be successfully replicated in lower-income countries?","volume":"13","author":"Trieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"31","key":"zoi211070r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004404","article-title":"Salt intake belief, knowledge, and behavior: a cross-sectional study of older rural Chinese adults.","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"9923","key":"zoi211070r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60567-5","article-title":"Salt reduction strategies in China.","volume":"383","author":"Xi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"zoi211070r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845693046.2.201","volume-title":"Reducing Salt in Foods: Practical Strategies","author":"Kilcast","year":"2007"},{"key":"zoi211070r4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting, 5-7 October 2006, Paris, France. Accessed September 18, 2021. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43653"},{"key":"zoi211070r10","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem compound summary for CID 5360545, sodium. Accessed September 24, 2021. https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Sodium"},{"key":"zoi211070r14","unstructured":"The Chinese Nutrition Society. The food guide pagoda for Chinese residents [in Chinese]. 2016. Accessed October 25, 2021. http:\/\/dg.cnsoc.org\/upload\/images\/source\/20160519163856103.jpg"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2786938\/liu_2021_oi_211070_1638368716.50982.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T16:02:18Z","timestamp":1638979338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2786938"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.37745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]]}}}