{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:00:52Z","timestamp":1793714452635,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T16:37:42Z","timestamp":1640018262000},"page":"e2138596","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Association Between Implementation of the Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Early Management Bundle Performance Measure and Outcomes in Patients With Suspected Sepsis in US Hospitals"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Chanu","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer S.","family":"Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Informatics, Waltham, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huai-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commonwealth Informatics, Waltham, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Klompas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"CDC Prevention Epicenters Program","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211094r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.7571","article-title":"Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated mortality in US acute care hospitals.","volume":"2","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004224","article-title":"Sepsis among Medicare beneficiaries: 1: the burdens of sepsis, 2012-2018.","volume":"48","author":"Buchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211094r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.01.011","article-title":"Accountability for sepsis treatment: the SEP-1 core measure.","volume":"151","author":"Motzkus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211094r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003613","article-title":"National performance on the Medicare SEP-1 sepsis quality measure.","volume":"47","author":"Barbash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211094r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix997","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) position statement: why IDSA did not endorse the Surviving Sepsis campaign guidelines.","volume":"66","author":"IDSA Sepsis Task Force","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211094r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004305","article-title":"SEP-1 has brought much needed attention to improving sepsis care\u2026 but now is the time to improve SEP-1.","volume":"48","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211094r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0588","article-title":"The CMS sepsis mandate: right disease, wrong measure.","volume":"165","author":"Klompas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211094r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003579","article-title":"Current sepsis mandates are overly prescriptive, and some aspects may be harmful.","volume":"48","author":"Klompas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"zoi211094r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd","article-title":"Driving blind: instituting SEP-1 without high quality outcomes data.","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emc.2016.09.006","article-title":"The past, present, and future of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services quality measure SEP-1: the early management bundle for severe sepsis\/septic shock.","volume":"35","author":"Faust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.03.003","article-title":"Moving beyond the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services\u2019 \u201cSevere Sepsis and Septic Shock Early Management Bundle\u201d core quality measure.","volume":"78","author":"Faust","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211094r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0000000000000219","article-title":"Sepsis updates: unpackaging the new bundles.","volume":"57","author":"Busse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211094r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa059","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of America position paper: recommended revisions to the national Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Early Management Bundle (SEP-1) sepsis quality measure.","volume":"72","author":"Rhee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211094r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-2947","article-title":"Evidence underpinning the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services\u2019 Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Management Bundle (SEP-1): a systematic review.","volume":"168","author":"Pepper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211094r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181cb0cdc","article-title":"The Surviving Sepsis campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis.","volume":"38","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211094r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066612453025","article-title":"The GENESIS project (Generalized Early Sepsis Intervention Strategies): a multicenter quality improvement collaborative.","volume":"28","author":"Cannon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201212-2199OC","article-title":"Multicenter implementation of a severe sepsis and septic shock treatment bundle.","volume":"188","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211094r18","first-page":"483","article-title":"Kaiser Permanente\u2019s performance improvement system, part 3: multisite improvements in care for patients with sepsis.","volume":"37","author":"Whippy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211094r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2545OC","article-title":"Mortality changes associated with mandated public reporting for sepsis.","volume":"198","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9021","article-title":"Association between state-mandated protocolized sepsis care and in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis.","volume":"322","author":"Kahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"zoi211094r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S89","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd","article-title":"Sepsis trends: increasing incidence and decreasing mortality, or changing denominator?","volume":"12","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211094r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1571","article-title":"Has the Medicare sepsis performance measure (SEP-1) catalyzed better outcomes for patients with sepsis?","volume":"174","author":"Klompas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211094r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2015.264","article-title":"Objective sepsis surveillance using electronic clinical data.","volume":"37","author":"Rhee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211094r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2018-008331","article-title":"Using objective clinical data to track progress on preventing and treating sepsis: CDC\u2019s new \u2018adult sepsis event\u2019 surveillance strategy.","volume":"28","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi211094r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.13836","article-title":"Incidence and trends of sepsis in US hospitals using clinical vs claims data, 2009-2014.","volume":"318","author":"Rhee","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003521","article-title":"Sepsis surveillance using adult sepsis events simplified eSOFA criteria versus Sepsis-3 Sequential Organ Failure Assessment criteria.","volume":"47","author":"Rhee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211094r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1144","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005090","article-title":"Likelihood of bacterial infection in patients treated with broad-spectrum IV antibiotics in the emergency department.","volume":"49","author":"Shappell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211094r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001087","article-title":"Lactate testing in suspected sepsis: trends and predictors of failure to measure levels.","volume":"43","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu750","article-title":"Comparison of trends in sepsis incidence and coding using administrative claims versus objective clinical data.","volume":"60","author":"Rhee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211094r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.07.010","article-title":"Estimating ten-year trends in septic shock incidence and mortality in United States academic medical centers using clinical data.","volume":"151","author":"Kadri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211094r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2018.134","article-title":"Variability in determining sepsis time zero and bundle compliance rates for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services SEP-1 measure.","volume":"39","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2531248","article-title":"Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes.","volume":"42","author":"Zeger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000256726.80998.BF","article-title":"Occurrence and outcomes of sepsis: influence of race.","volume":"35","author":"Dombrovskiy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.7326\/M19-2966","article-title":"Who owns sepsis?","volume":"172","author":"Klompas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi211094r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1703058","article-title":"Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis.","volume":"376","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211094r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1848OC","article-title":"The timing of early antibiotics and hospital mortality in sepsis.","volume":"196","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211094r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-5043","article-title":"Treatment patterns and clinical outcomes after the introduction of the Medicare sepsis performance measure (SEP-1).","volume":"174","author":"Barbash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211094r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003005","article-title":"Reporting of sepsis cases for performance measurement versus for reimbursement in New York state.","volume":"46","author":"Prescott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"zoi211094r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa102","article-title":"Surveillance strategies for tracking sepsis incidence and outcomes.","volume":"222","author":"Shappell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi211094r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2020-010847","article-title":"Leveraging electronic health record data to improve sepsis surveillance.","volume":"29","author":"Shappell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Qual Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211094r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909110397655","article-title":"Trends in hospice utilization across age among the veteran population.","volume":"28","author":"Frahm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211094r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.25.3.792","article-title":"National trends in adult hospice use: 1991-1992 to 1999-2000.","volume":"25","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211094r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2010-09-RA-0054","article-title":"A computerized alert screening for severe sepsis in emergency department patients increases lactate testing but does not improve inpatient mortality.","volume":"1","author":"Berger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Clin Inform"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211094r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0071","article-title":"Effect of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status vs serum lactate levels on 28-day mortality among patients with septic shock: the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK randomized clinical trial.","volume":"321","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211094r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.04.005","article-title":"Impact of an electronic sepsis initiative on antibiotic use and health care facility-onset Clostridium difficile infection rates.","volume":"45","author":"Hiensch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211094r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-004-2210-z","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock.","volume":"30","author":"Dellinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211094r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003119","article-title":"The Surviving Sepsis campaign bundle: 2018 update.","volume":"46","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211094r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.12.045","article-title":"Impact of SEP-1 on broad-spectrum combination antibiotic therapy in the emergency department.","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211094r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa456","article-title":"Impact of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services sepsis core measure on antibiotic use.","volume":"72","author":"Pakyz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi211094r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.07.2167","article-title":"Effects of compliance with the early management bundle (SEP-1) on mortality changes among Medicare beneficiaries with sepsis: a propensity score matched cohort study.","author":"Townsend","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000723","article-title":"Surviving Sepsis campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study.","volume":"43","author":"Levy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211094r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003261","article-title":"Compliance with the national SEP-1 quality measure and association with sepsis outcomes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.","volume":"46","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211094r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.02.006","article-title":"Early care of adults with suspected sepsis in the emergency department and out-of-hospital environment: a consensus-based task force report.","volume":"78","author":"Yealy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211094r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.5844","article-title":"Toward a more nuanced approach to the early administration of intravenous fluids in patients with sepsis.","volume":"1","author":"Rhee","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211094r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0183","article-title":"Association of a care bundle for early sepsis management with mortality among patients with hospital-onset or community-onset sepsis.","volume":"180","author":"Baghdadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2787262\/rhee_2021_oi_211094_1639407922.23285.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T16:37:51Z","timestamp":1640018271000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2787262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.38596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]}}}