{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:41:42Z","timestamp":1793364102031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T16:55:27Z","timestamp":1644944127000},"page":"e2144934","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Immigrant, Refugee, and Nonimmigrant Children and Youth in British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Gadermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Gagn\u00e9 Petteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Janus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Puyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Guhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katholiki","family":"Georgiades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"s54","key":"zoi211242r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"s5","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119164","article-title":"Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset.","volume":"54","author":"Jones","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry Suppl"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211242r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c","article-title":"Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature.","volume":"20","author":"Kessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9926","key":"zoi211242r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62116-9","article-title":"The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: a 14-year prospective cohort study.","volume":"383","author":"Patton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211242r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.60.6.628","article-title":"Promoting and protecting youth mental health through evidence-based prevention and treatment.","volume":"60","author":"Weisz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi211242r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9445","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249445","article-title":"Establishing a theory-based multi-level approach for primary prevention of mental disorders in young people.","volume":"17","author":"Lo Moro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211242r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.2007.78.issue-5","article-title":"Contextual influences on children\u2019s mental health and school performance: the moderating effects of family immigrant status.","volume":"78","author":"Georgiades","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211242r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719830024","article-title":"Six-month prevalence of mental disorders and service contacts among children and youth in Ontario: evidence from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study.","volume":"64","author":"Georgiades","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211242r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2016.1246518","article-title":"Are immigrants healthier than native-born Canadians? a systematic review of the healthy immigrant effect in Canada.","volume":"22","author":"Vang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"issue":"9812","key":"zoi211242r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2","article-title":"Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors.","volume":"379","author":"Fazel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211242r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2253-z","article-title":"Patterns, predictors and persistence of chronic sedative use: a population-based observational study of older adults in British Columbia, Canada.","volume":"73","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211242r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716640288","article-title":"How often do individuals with major depression receive minimally adequate treatment? a population-based, data linkage study\/\u00c0 quelle fr\u00e9quence les personnes souffrant de d\u00e9pression majeure re\u00e7oivent-elles un traitement minimalement ad\u00e9quat? une \u00e9tude de couplage de donne\u00e9s, dans la population.","volume":"61","author":"Puyat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211242r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20150067","article-title":"Postpartum domperidone use in British Columbia: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"4","author":"Smolina","year":"2016","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi211242r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211242r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2017.02.006","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in preschoolers: a review of the past 7 years.","volume":"26","author":"Whalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi211242r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717741061","article-title":"Ethnic differences in mental health status and service utilization: a population-based study in Ontario, Canada.","volume":"63","author":"Chiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi211242r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00179","article-title":"Cultural diversity and mental health: considerations for policy and practice.","volume":"6","author":"Gopalkrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211242r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.8.1046","article-title":"Cultural competence: a literature review and conceptual model for mental health services.","volume":"60","author":"Hernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211242r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017275","article-title":"Ethnic identity, achievement, and psychological adjustment: examining risk and resilience among youth from immigrant Chinese families in Canada.","volume":"16","author":"Costigan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211242r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431608324479","article-title":"Public ethnic regard and perceived socioeconomic stratification: associations with well-being among Dominican and Black American youth.","volume":"29","author":"Rivas-Drake","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Early Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211242r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/soc.2020.46.issue-1","article-title":"Immigrant selectivity effects on health, labor market, and educational outcomes.","volume":"46","author":"Feliciano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol."},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211242r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.2014.8.issue-2","article-title":"Understanding the U.S. immigrant paradox in childhood and adolescence.","volume":"8","author":"Marks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211242r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-016-0499-7","article-title":"Intergenerational trauma in refugee families: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"Sangalang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211242r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2018.1475627","article-title":"Early emotional and communication functioning predicting the academic trajectories of refugee children in Canada.","volume":"38","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211242r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.10.1153","article-title":"Prevalence of mental disorders in children living in Alberta, Canada, as determined from physician billing data.","volume":"155","author":"Spady","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211242r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.128","article-title":"Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study.","volume":"107","author":"Hankin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211242r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329179700593X","article-title":"Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing.","volume":"28","author":"Angold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi211242r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437211006872","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of mental and substance use disorders: a systematic approach to triangulating available data to inform health systems planning: estimer la pr\u00e9valence des troubles mentaux et des troubles li\u00e9s \u00e0 une substance: une approche syst\u00e9matique de la triangulation des donn\u00e9es disponibles pour \u00e9clairer la planification du syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9.","author":"Vigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211242r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01855.x","article-title":"Child and adolescent mental disorders: the magnitude of the problem across the globe.","volume":"49","author":"Belfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi211242r6","volume-title":"The Case for Diversity: Building the Case to Improve Mental Health Services for Immigrant, Refugee, Ethno-Cultural and Racialized Populations.","author":"Mental Health Commission of Canada","year":"2016"},{"key":"zoi211242r12","volume-title":"Supporting Refugee Children: Strategies for Educators","author":"Stewart","year":"2011"},{"key":"zoi211242r33","volume-title":"Immigrant America: A Portrait","author":"Portes","year":"1996","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi211242r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/13094-000","volume-title":"The Immigrant Paradox in Children and Adolescents: Is Becoming American a Developmental Risk?","author":"Garc\u00eda Coll","year":"2012","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"zoi211242r7","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Children with an immigrant background: bridging cultures. October 25, 2017. Accessed December 15, 2021. https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/98-200-x\/2016015\/98-200-x2016015-eng.cfm"},{"key":"zoi211242r13","unstructured":"BC MED. British Columbia Ministry of Education. MED school records. BC MED [2018]. Data extract. BC MED (2018). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r14","unstructured":"BC MOH. British Columbia Ministry of Health. Consolidation Files (MSP Registration & Premium Billing). Population Data BC [2018]. Data Extract. MOH (2018). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r15","unstructured":"BC Ministry of Health [creator] (2018): PharmaNet. BC Ministry of Health [publisher]. Data Extract. Data Stewardship Committee (2018). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r16","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. Focus on geography series, 2016 Census. Accessed December 15, 2021. https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2016\/as-sa\/fogs-spg\/Facts-PR-Eng"},{"key":"zoi211242r20","unstructured":"British Columbia Ministry of Health. Medical Services Plan (MSP) Payment Information File. Population Data BC [2018]. Data Extract. British Columbia Ministry of Health (2018). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r21","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Discharge Abstract Database (Hospital Separations). Population Data BC [2018]. Data Extract. BC Ministry of Health (2018). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r22","unstructured":"IRCC. Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada: Permanent Resident database. Population Data BC [2014]. Data Extract. IRCC (2013). https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/data"},{"key":"zoi211242r23","unstructured":"Population Data BC. The data linkage process. Accessed August 30, 2019. https:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/datalinkage\/process"},{"key":"zoi211242r24","unstructured":"Chartier? M, Brownell? M, MacWilliam? L, . Mental health of Manitoba\u2019s children. Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. Fall 2016. Accessed December 15, 2021. http:\/\/mchp-appserv.cpe.umanitoba.ca\/reference\/MHKids_web_report.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2789061\/gadermann_2022_oi_211242_1644341790.98205.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1644944136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2789061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]}}}