{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:01:38Z","timestamp":1791543698541,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T11:02:03Z","timestamp":1644404523000},"page":"e2146591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Association of State Social and Environmental Factors With Rates of Self-injury Mortality and Suicide in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ian R. H.","family":"Rockett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haomiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health and School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bina","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Indiana University\u2013Purdue University at Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary S.","family":"Connery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt B.","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Radiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque"},{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Radiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland"},{"name":"Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin M. M.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard D.","family":"DiGregorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, West Virginia University, Morgantown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. Luke","family":"Larkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Stack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Criminal Justice and Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kairi","family":"K\u00f5lves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Mount Gravatt, Australia"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Suicide Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Kathryn","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay O.","family":"Lulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Indiana University\u2013Purdue University at Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeralynn","family":"Cossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Health, Community and Policy, University of Texas, San Antonio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"De Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slovene Centre for Suicide Research and Department of Psychology, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hendricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Nestadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"D\u2019Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric D.","family":"Caine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"zoi211286r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100741","article-title":"Fatal self-injury in the United States, 1999-2018: unmasking a national mental health crisis.","volume":"32","author":"Rockett","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi211286r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.1870","article-title":"Self-injury mortality in the United States in the early 21st century: a comparison with proximally ranked diseases.","volume":"73","author":"Rockett","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211286r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043371","article-title":"Unrecognised self-injury mortality (SIM) trends among racial\/ethnic minorities and women in the USA.","volume":"26","author":"Rockett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211286r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190200","article-title":"Discerning suicide in drug intoxication deaths: Paucity and primacy of suicide notes and psychiatric history.","volume":"13","author":"Rockett","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211286r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135296","article-title":"Variable classification of drug-intoxication suicides across US states: a partial artifact of forensics?","volume":"10","author":"Rockett","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi211286r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302244","article-title":"Confronting death from drug self-intoxication (DDSI): prevention through a better definition.","volume":"104","author":"Rockett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211286r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002496","article-title":"Risk factors for opioid-use disorder and overdose.","volume":"125","author":"Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"zoi211286r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.054","article-title":"The association between mental disorders and suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies.","volume":"259","author":"Too","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211286r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.23907\/2013.029","article-title":"State variation in certifying manner of death and drugs involved in drug intoxication deaths.","volume":"3","author":"Warner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211286r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2307\/2095479","article-title":"Social causation or social construction of suicide: an investigation into the social organization of official rates.","volume":"51","author":"Pescosolido","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211286r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/ssqu.2013.94.issue-2","article-title":"The role of medicolegal systems in producing geographic variation in suicide rates.","volume":"94","author":"Klugman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q."},{"key":"zoi211286r14","first-page":"48","article-title":"Suicide misclassification in an international context: Revisitation and update.","volume":"2","author":"Rockett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Suicidol Online"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211286r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000049297","article-title":"Misclassification of suicide\u2014the contribution of opiates.","volume":"34","author":"Cantor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopathology"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211286r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2012-040631","article-title":"Misclassification of suicide deaths: examining the psychiatric history of overdose decedents.","volume":"19","author":"Bohnert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211286r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303863","article-title":"Deciphering suicide and other manners of death associated with drug intoxication: a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention consultation meeting summary.","volume":"107","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211286r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2006.01.006","article-title":"The validity of the certification of manner of death by Ontario coroners.","volume":"16","author":"Parai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi211286r24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: final data for 2017.","volume":"68","author":"Kochanek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"key":"zoi211286r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.007","article-title":"State-level social capital and suicide mortality in the 50 U.S. states.","volume":"120","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi211286r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-202759","article-title":"Suicide rates among working-age adults in South Korea before and after the 2008 economic crisis.","volume":"68","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.021","article-title":"Economic recession, alcohol, and suicide rates: comparative effects of poverty, foreclosure, and job loss.","volume":"52","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211286r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.V8.N2","article-title":"Opioid epidemic in the United States: empirical trends, and a literature review of social determinants and epidemiological, pain management, and treatment patterns.","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J MCH AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi211286r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301966","article-title":"Determinants of increased opioid-related mortality in the United States and Canada, 1990-2013: a systematic review.","volume":"104","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"zoi211286r30","article-title":"Contributing factors to suicide: political, social, cultural and economic.","volume":"152","author":"Stack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/econometrics6040045","article-title":"A review on variable selection in regression analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Desboulets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econometrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000717","article-title":"The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis.","volume":"34","author":"Ciccarone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi211286r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.23907\/2014.001","article-title":"A perspective on medicolegal death investigation in the United States: 2013.","volume":"4","author":"Hanzlick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi211286r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-021-00358-0","article-title":"The roles of medical examiners in the COVID-19 era: a comparison between the United States and Italy.","volume":"17","author":"Moretti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211286r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300960","article-title":"Leading causes of unintentional and intentional injury mortality: United States, 2000-2009.","volume":"102","author":"Rockett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"49","key":"zoi211286r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15078","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518393112","article-title":"Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century.","volume":"112","author":"Case","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"zoi211286r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.12.014","article-title":"The associations between state veteran population rates, handgun legislation, and statewide suicide rates.","volume":"74","author":"Anestis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi211286r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.10936","article-title":"Contextual factors associated with county-level suicide rates in the United States, 1999 to 2016.","volume":"2","author":"Steelesmith","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.3938","article-title":"Racial differences in statewide suicide mortality trends in Maryland during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.","volume":"78","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi211286r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-012-0430-z","article-title":"Public stigma of mental illness in the United States: a systematic literature review.","volume":"40","author":"Parcesepe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi211286r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002969","article-title":"Stigma as a fundamental hindrance to the United States opioid overdose crisis response.","volume":"16","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1177\/1524839918797617","article-title":"Local overdose fatality review team recommendations for overdose death prevention.","volume":"20","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Promot Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi211286r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2020-043830","article-title":"Overcoming the limitations of \u2018accident\u2019 as a manner of death for drug overdose mortality: case for a death certificate checkbox.","volume":"27","author":"Rockett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"zoi211286r7","volume-title":"Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism","author":"Case","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi211286r10","volume-title":"Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward","author":"Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, National Research Council","year":"2009"},{"key":"zoi211286r23","volume-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10).","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"key":"zoi211286r40","volume-title":"The Health Gap: The Challenge of an Unequal World","author":"Marmot","year":"2015","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi211286r19","unstructured":"Calvert? C, Kamp? J. Medical examiners skip some autopsies, as opioid crisis mounts. Wall Street Journal. May 3, 2017. Accessed November 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/opioid-crisis-strains-medical-examiners-1493812801"},{"key":"zoi211286r20","unstructured":"Associated Press. Overdose deaths stressing limits of medical examiner, coroner offices. Stat. June 23, 2016. Accessed November 1, 2021. https:\/\/www.statnews.com\/2016\/06\/23\/overdose-deaths-medical-examiner-coroner\/"},{"key":"zoi211286r21","unstructured":"Baltimore Sun Editorial Board. Maryland medical examiner\u2019s resignation underscores resource limitations amid opioid crisis. Baltimore Sun. December 10, 2019. Accessed June 6, 2021. https:\/\/www.baltimoresun.com\/opinion\/editorial\/bs-ed-1211-opioid-medical-examiner-20191210-2bbxopnrgre4tjsscp2bcp3arm-story.html"},{"key":"zoi211286r22","unstructured":"Department of Health and Human Services. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research. Accessed March 5, 2021. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/ucd-icd10.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2788856\/rockett_2022_oi_211286_1646239461.85606.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T11:13:40Z","timestamp":1646392420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2788856"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46591","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]}}}