{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1793329351859,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T15:01:29Z","timestamp":1657119689000},"page":"e2220385","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Estimated Number of COVID-19 Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Prevented Among Vaccinated Persons in the US, December 2020 to September 2021"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Molly K.","family":"Steele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Iuliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Immunization Services Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"MacNeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betsy","family":"Cadwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin J.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Silk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia"},{"name":"US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5152","key":"zoi220584r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm695152e2","article-title":"The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices\u2019 Updated Interim Recommendation for Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccine\u2014United States, December 2020.","volume":"69","author":"Dooling","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi220584r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2107058","article-title":"Prevention and attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines.","volume":"385","author":"Thompson","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"34","key":"zoi220584r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7034e2","article-title":"Sustained effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines against COVID-19 associated hospitalizations among adults\u2014United States, March-July 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Tenforde","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"10309","key":"zoi220584r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02183-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"398","author":"Tartof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"25","key":"zoi220584r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106599","article-title":"Effectiveness of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine among U.S. health care personnel.","volume":"385","author":"Pilishvili","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi220584r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.06.007","article-title":"FDA-authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system.","volume":"2","author":"Pawlowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med (N Y)"},{"key":"zoi220584r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab451","article-title":"mRNA vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 among symptomatic outpatients aged =16 years in the United States, February\u2013May 2021.","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"34","key":"zoi220584r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7034e3","article-title":"Effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among nursing home residents before and during widespread circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant\u2014National Healthcare Safety Network, March 1-August 1, 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Nanduri","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"zoi220584r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/34296","article-title":"Estimating COVID-19 hospitalizations in the United States with surveillance data using a Bayesian hierarchical model: a modeling study.","author":"Couture","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi220584r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1780","article-title":"Estimated incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness and hospitalization-United States, February-September 2020.","volume":"72","author":"Reese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi220584r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.091413","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United States, April-July 2009.","volume":"15","author":"Reed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi220584r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","article-title":"Food-related illness and death in the United States.","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi220584r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab640","article-title":"Prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by mRNA-based vaccines within the general population of California.","volume":"74","author":"Andrejko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi220584r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2021.100134","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19: Interim results from a prospective observational cohort study.","volume":"6","author":"Bruxvoort","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi220584r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-1577","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in a high-risk national population in a real-world setting.","volume":"174","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi220584r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1943","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1943","article-title":"Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 covid-19 vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe covid-19 outcomes in Ontario, Canada: test negative design study.","volume":"374","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi220584r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02149-4","article-title":"Effects of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine on COVID-19 infection and hospitalisation amongst older people: matched case control study for England.","volume":"19","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi220584r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7020e2","article-title":"Interim estimates of vaccine effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines among health care personnel\u201433 US sites, January\u2013March 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Pilishvili","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi220584r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.32540","article-title":"Analysis of the effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S adenoviral vector vaccine for preventing COVID-19.","volume":"4","author":"Corchado-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"48","key":"zoi220584r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.10.026","article-title":"An evaluation and update of methods for estimating the number of influenza cases averted by vaccination in the United States.","volume":"36","author":"Tokars","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"37","key":"zoi220584r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7037e1","article-title":"Monitoring incidence of COVID-19 Cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, by vaccination status\u201413 US jurisdictions, April 4-July 17, 2021.","volume":"70","author":"Scobie","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi220584r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00619","article-title":"Vaccinations against COVID-19 may have averted up to 140,000 deaths in the United States.","volume":"40","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"zoi220584r1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) Dashboard. Accessed May 24, 2022. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/"},{"key":"zoi220584r2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Number of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US Reported to CDC, by State\/Territory. Accessed May 24, 2022. https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#trends"},{"key":"zoi220584r4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19 Vaccinations in the United States. Accessed May 24, 2022. https:\/\/covid.cdc.gov\/covid-data-tracker\/#vaccination-demographics-trends"},{"key":"zoi220584r16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-NET: COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Network. Accessed October 11, 2021. https:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/grasp\/COVIDNet\/COVID19_5.html"},{"key":"zoi220584r17","unstructured":"National Vital Statistics System, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19. Accessed October 11, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/nvss\/covid-19.htm"},{"key":"zoi220584r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amirthalingam? G, Bernal? JL, Andrews? NJ, . Higher serological responses and increased vaccine effectiveness demonstrate the value of extended vaccine schedules in combatting COVID- 19 in England.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online July 28, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.07.26.21261140?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.26.21261140"},{"key":"zoi220584r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliaki? E, Lan? FY, Christophi? CA, . COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in a diverse urban healthcare worker population.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online September 6, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.09.02.21263038?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.02.21263038"},{"key":"zoi220584r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moustsen-Helms? IR, Emborg? HD, Nielsen? J, . Vaccine effectiveness after 1st and 2nd dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in long-term care facility residents and healthcare workers\u2014a Danish cohort study.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online March 9, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.03.08.21252200?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.08.21252200"},{"key":"zoi220584r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin? ET, Leidner? D, Zhang? Y, . Effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 vaccine during a SARS-CoV-2 Delta outbreak in a prison. Published October 20, 2021. Accessed November 4, 2021. https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMc2114089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2114089"},{"key":"zoi220584r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlow? RS, Jian? K, Larson? L. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection during a Delta variant epidemic surge in Multnomah County, Oregon, July 2021.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online September 3, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.08.30.21262446?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.30.21262446"},{"key":"zoi220584r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin? DY, Gu? Y, Wheeler? B, . Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in the United States over 9 months: surveillance data from the state of North Carolina.? medRvix. Preprint posted online October 26, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.10.25.21265304","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.10.25.21265304"},{"key":"zoi220584r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polinski? JM, Weckstein? AR, Batech? M, . Effectiveness of the single-dose Ad26.COV2.S COVID vaccine.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online September 16, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.09.10.21263385?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.10.21263385"},{"key":"zoi220584r32","unstructured":"International Vaccine Access Center (IVAC). Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. VIEW-hub. Accessed October 11, 2021. https:\/\/view-hub.org\/covid-19\/effectiveness-studies"},{"key":"zoi220584r33","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID Data Tracker Weekly Review. August 27, 2021. Accessed May 24, 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/covid-data\/covidview\/past-reports\/08272021.html"},{"key":"zoi220584r35","unstructured":"HHS Regional Offices. HHS.gov. Accessed April 6, 2022. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/about\/agencies\/iea\/regional-offices\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi220584r36","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Wonder: bridged-race population estimates. Accessed February 12, 2021. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/bridged-race-population.html"},{"key":"zoi220584r37","unstructured":"R Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Accessed May 24, 2022. http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"zoi220584r40","unstructured":"Wong Samson? L, Tarazi? W, John Orav? E, Sheingold? S, De Lew? N, Sommers? BD. Associations Between county-level vaccination rates and COVID-19 outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries. 2021. Accessed November 17, 2021. https:\/\/aspe.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/c5d0dde224c224dd726694367846b609\/aspe-covid-medicare-vaccine-analysis.pdf"},{"key":"zoi220584r41","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare Beneficiaries at a Glance-2019. Accessed May 24, 2022. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems\/Statistics-Trends-and-Reports\/Beneficiary-Snapshot\/Bene_Snapshot"},{"key":"zoi220584r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moghadas? SM, Sah? P, Fitzpatrick? MC, . COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations averted by rapid vaccination rollout in the United States.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online July 8, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.07.07.21260156?","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.07.07.21260156"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2793913\/steele_2022_oi_220584_1656355949.45629.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T15:01:37Z","timestamp":1657119697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2793913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.20385","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}}}