{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T12:04:27Z","timestamp":1792670667281,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n There is a large body of epidemiologic evidence that heat is associated with increased risk of mortality. One of the most effective strategies to mitigate the effects of heat is through air conditioning (AC); Texas regulates the internal temperature of jails to stay between 65 and 85 \u00b0F degrees, but these same standards do not apply to state and private prisons.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To analyze whether heat during warm months is associated with an increased risk of mortality in Texas prisons without AC.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This case-crossover study included individuals who died in Texas prisons between 2001 and 2019. The association of heat in warm months with mortality in Texas prisons with and without AC was estimated. Data analysis was conducted from January to April 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n Increasing daily heat index above 85 \u00b0F and extreme heat days (days above the 90th percentile heat index for the prison location).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Daily mortality in Texas prisons.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n There were 2083 and 1381 deaths in prisons without and with AC, respectively, during warm months from 2001 to 2019. Most of the deceased were male (3339 of 3464 [96%]) and the median (IQR) age at death was 54 (45-62) years. A 1-degree increase above 85 \u00b0F heat index and an extreme heat day were associated with a 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1%-1.3%) and a 15.1% (95% CI, 1.3%-30.8%) increase in the risk of mortality in prisons without AC, respectively. Approximately 13% of mortality or 271 deaths may be attributable to extreme heat during warm months between 2001 to 2019 in Texas prison facilities without AC. In prisons with AC, a negative percentage change in mortality risk was observed, although the 95% CI crossed zero (percentage change in mortality risk: \u22120.6%; 95% CI, \u22121.6% to 0.5%). The estimates in prisons without AC were statistically different than the estimates in prisons with AC (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This study found an average of 14 deaths per year between 2001 to 2019 were associated with heat in Texas prisons without AC vs no deaths associated with heat in prisons with AC. Adopting an AC policy in Texas prisons may be important for protecting the health of one of our most vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T11:01:45Z","timestamp":1667386905000},"page":"e2239849","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Provision of Air Conditioning and Heat-Related Mortality in Texas Prisons"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Julianne","family":"Skarha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amite","family":"Dominick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Prisons Community Advocates, Fulton"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Spangler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Providence VAMC, Department of Primary Care, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah D.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"},{"name":"Center for Health and Justice Transformation, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Savitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"zoi221128r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e415","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00081-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study.","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"9991","key":"zoi221128r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62114-0","article-title":"Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study.","volume":"386","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi221128r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.9.1515","article-title":"Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave.","volume":"87","author":"Whitman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221128r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199607113350203","article-title":"Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago.","volume":"335","author":"Semenza","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221128r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-5","article-title":"Extreme ambient temperatures and cardiorespiratory emergency room visits: assessing risk by comorbid health conditions in a time series study.","volume":"13","author":"Lavigne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221128r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003369","article-title":"Socioeconomic level and associations between heat exposure and all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization in 1,814 Brazilian cities: a nationwide case-crossover study.","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221128r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000169","article-title":"Geographical variations of the minimum mortality temperature at a global scale: a multicountry study.","volume":"5","author":"Tob\u00edas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221128r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000096","article-title":"Estimating the number of excess deaths attributable to heat in 297 United States counties.","volume":"4","author":"Weinberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221128r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos9100409","article-title":"Temporal trends in heat-related mortality: implications for future projections.","volume":"9","author":"Kinney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221128r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001241","article-title":"Air conditioning and heat-related mortality: a multi-country longitudinal study.","volume":"31","author":"Sera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"zoi221128r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.04.009","article-title":"Changing patterns of the temperature-mortality association by time and location in the US, and implications for climate change.","volume":"81","author":"Nordio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221128r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti043","article-title":"Disparities by race in heat-related mortality in four US cities: the role of air conditioning prevalence.","volume":"82","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221128r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/publhealth.1994.15.issue-1","article-title":"Health status of vulnerable populations.","volume":"15","author":"Aday","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"D3","key":"zoi221128r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016048","article-title":"Continental-scale water and energy flux analysis and validation for the North American Land Data Assimilation System project phase 2 (NLDAS-2): 1. intercomparison and application of model products.","volume":"117","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221128r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206273","article-title":"Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research.","volume":"121","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221128r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000183170.92955.25","article-title":"Optimal referent selection strategies in case-crossover studies: a settled issue.","volume":"16","author":"Mittleman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221128r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/65.1.153","article-title":"Retrospective studies and failure time models.","volume":"65","author":"Prentice","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221128r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v043.i08","article-title":"Distributed lag linear and non-linear models in R: the package dlnm.","volume":"43","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221128r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1198\/000313001317097960","article-title":"On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals.","volume":"55","author":"Schenker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"zoi221128r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d2304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2304","article-title":"How to obtain the P value from a confidence interval.","volume":"343","author":"Altman","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221128r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-55","article-title":"Attributable risk from distributed lag models.","volume":"14","author":"Gasparrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221128r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318190ee08","article-title":"Weather-related mortality: how heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States.","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221128r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/14624740122228212","article-title":"The causes and consequences of prison growth in the United States.","volume":"3","author":"Mauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Punishm Soc"},{"issue":"41","key":"zoi221128r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58035","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14568-0","article-title":"Impact of short-term exposure to extreme temperatures on diabetes mellitus morbidity and mortality? a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221128r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12294","article-title":"Medicines can affect thermoregulation and accentuate the risk of dehydration and heat-related illness during hot weather.","volume":"40","author":"Westaway","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"zoi221128r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/report\/ar6\/wg1\/","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157988"},{"key":"zoi221128r15","unstructured":"Maruschak? LM, Berzofsky M. Medical problems of state and federal prisoners and jail inmates, 2011-12. Bureau of Justice Statistics. February 2015. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/medical-problems-state-and-federal-prisoners-and-jail-inmates-2011-12"},{"key":"zoi221128r16","unstructured":"Carson? EA. Prisoners in 2016. US Department of Justice. August 7, 2018. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p16.pdf"},{"key":"zoi221128r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holt? DWE. Heat in US prisons and jails: corrections and the challenge of climate change.? SSRN. Published online September 30, 2015. doi:10.2139\/ssrn.2667260","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2667260"},{"key":"zoi221128r18","unstructured":"Carson? EA. Prisoners in 2019. Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department of Justice. October 2020. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/p19.pdf"},{"key":"zoi221128r19","unstructured":"Zeng? Z, Minton? T. Jail inmates in 2019. US Bureau of Justice Statistics. March 2021. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/jail-inmates-2019"},{"key":"zoi221128r20","unstructured":"Texas Administrative Code. Temperature control. Accessed September 26. 2022. https:\/\/texreg.sos.state.tx.us\/public\/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=37&pt=9&ch=261&rl=160#:~:text=Texas%20Administrative%20Code%20Texas%20Administrative%20Code%20Temperature%20levels,and%2085%20degrees%20Fahrenheit%20in%20all%20occupied%20areas"},{"key":"zoi221128r21","unstructured":"Purdum? C, Dominick? A, Dixon? B. Extreme temperatures and COVID19 in Texas prisons. Texas A&M University. July 2022. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/tamucoa-juiceboxinteract.netdna-ssl.com\/app\/uploads\/2022\/07\/22-01R.pdf"},{"key":"zoi221128r22","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. Mortality in correctional institutions (MCI) (formerly Deaths in Custody Reporting Program (DCRP)). Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/data-collection\/mortality-correctional-institutions-mci-formerly-deaths-custody-reporting-program"},{"key":"zoi221128r23","unstructured":"Zeng? Z, Noonan? M, Carson? EA, . Assessing inmate cause of death: Deaths in Custody Reporting Program and National Death Index. U.S. Department of Justice; 2016. Accessed October 17, 2022. https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/aicddcrpndi.pdf"},{"key":"zoi221128r24","unstructured":"GES DISC. NLDAS primary forcing data L4 hourly 0.125 x 0.125 degree, version 002. Accessed September 26, 2022. https:\/\/disc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/datasets\/NLDAS_FORA0125_H_002\/summary"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2798097\/skarha_2022_oi_221128_1670269286.96742.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T11:01:55Z","timestamp":1670497315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2798097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.39849","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]}}}