{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T01:33:19Z","timestamp":1793496799677,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Unhealthy sleep behaviors and sleep disturbances are associated with higher risk of multiple diseases and mortality. The current profiles of sleep habits and disturbances, particularly the differences between workdays and free days, are unknown in the contemporary US.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To comprehensively evaluate sleep habits on workdays and free days and the prevalence of sleep disturbances among US adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This study is a cross-sectional analysis of US nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2017-2020) among adults aged 20 years or older. Data analysis was performed from February to May 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The main outcomes were means and\/or distributions of sleep habits, including sleep duration and sleep-wake timing on workdays and free days, sleep debt (ie, the difference between sleep duration on free days and mean weekly sleep duration), and social jet lag (ie, the difference between the midpoint between sleep and wake time on workdays and free days). Prevalence of trouble sleeping (ie, participants told a doctor or other health professional that they have trouble sleeping) and daytime sleepiness (ie, self-reported feeling of being overly sleepy during the day \u22655 times per month) were also determined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 9004 individuals (mean [SE] age, 48.3 [0.53] years; 4635 women [51.9%]; 3158 non-Hispanic White [62.8%]) were included in the current study. The mean sleep duration was 7.59 hours (95% CI, 7.54 to 7.64 hours) on workdays and 8.24 hours (95% CI, 8.17 to 8.31 hours) on free days (difference, 0.65 hour). The mean sleep and wake times were at 11:02\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n (95% CI, 10:57\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n to 11:17\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n ) and 6:41\n am<\/jats:sc>\n (95% CI, 6:36\n am<\/jats:sc>\n to 6:45\n am<\/jats:sc>\n ), respectively, on workdays and 11:25\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n (95% CI, 11:21\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n to 11:35\n pm<\/jats:sc>\n ) and 7:41\n am<\/jats:sc>\n (95% CI, 7:37\n am<\/jats:sc>\n to 7:46\n am<\/jats:sc>\n ), respectively, on free days (differences, 0.23 hour for sleep time and 1.00 hour for wake time). On workdays, 23.1% (95% CI, 21.3% to 24.9%) of adults slept less than 7 hours and 25.4% (95% CI, 24.1% to 26.6%) went to sleep at midnight or later; the corresponding percentages changed to 12.9% (95% CI, 11.6% to 14.1%) and 40.9% (95% CI, 38.4% to 43.5%), respectively, on free days. Furthermore, the mean sleep debt was 0.73 hours (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.77 hours), and mean social jet lag was 1.10 hours (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.15 hours); 30.5% (95% CI, 26.8% to 33.3%) of adults experienced 1 hour or more of sleep debt, and 46.5% (95% CI, 42.6% to 50.3%) experienced 1 hour or more of social jet lag. The prevalence of trouble sleeping was 29.8% (95% CI, 28.2% to 31.5%), and that of daytime sleepiness was 27.2% (95% CI, 25.0% to 29.5%).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In 2017 to 2020, US adults showed variability in sleep habits between workdays and free days, with longer sleep duration and later sleep-wake phases on free days, and high percentages of US adults experienced long-term sleep deprivation, chronic social jet lag, and frequent sleep disturbances. These findings provide evidence to further investigate potential approaches to optimize overall US sleep health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.40788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:11:28Z","timestamp":1667905888000},"page":"e2240788","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Evaluation of Sleep Habits and Disturbances Among US Adults, 2017-2020"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hongkun","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iyas","family":"Daghlas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liegang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilei","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"zoi221153r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041278","article-title":"Sleep duration linked to cardiovascular disease.","volume":"139","author":"Kuehn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi221153r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz849","article-title":"Sleep patterns, genetic susceptibility, and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective study of 385?292 UK biobank participants.","volume":"41","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221153r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2371","article-title":"Sleep duration patterns in early to middle adulthood and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in women.","volume":"43","author":"Baden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"zoi221153r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.07.001","article-title":"Sleep and cognitive performance: cross-sectional associations in the UK Biobank.","volume":"38","author":"Kyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221153r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.07.022","article-title":"Sleep duration and myocardial infarction.","volume":"74","author":"Daghlas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221153r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0959","article-title":"Genetically proxied diurnal preference, sleep timing, and risk of major depressive disorder.","volume":"78","author":"Daghlas","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi221153r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2007.72.064","article-title":"Sleep and circadian rhythms in humans.","volume":"72","author":"Czeisler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221153r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.03.038","article-title":"Social jetlag and obesity.","volume":"22","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"zoi221153r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979","article-title":"Social jetlag: misalignment of biological and social time.","volume":"23","author":"Wittmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221153r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4684","article-title":"Trends in self-reported sleep duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012.","volume":"38","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"zoi221153r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A110","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy061.286","article-title":"Trends in self-reported sleep duration and disturbance in the US general population: NHANES 2005-2014.","volume":"41","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221153r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050291","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of paracetamol and its conjugates in Chinese non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with renal impairment.","volume":"52","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"zoi221153r13","first-page":"1","article-title":"The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: sample design, 1999-2006.","volume":"155","author":"Curtin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi221153r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"12","author":"von Elm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221153r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","article-title":"Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes.","volume":"18","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi221153r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0298","article-title":"Association of self-reported sleep and circadian measures with glycemia in adults with prediabetes or recently diagnosed untreated type 2 diabetes.","volume":"42","author":"Mokhlesi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221153r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8030054","article-title":"Chronotype and social jetlag: a (self-) critical review.","volume":"8","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221153r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.v31.2","article-title":"Association between sleep characteristics, ideal cardiovascular health, and systemic inflammation, NHANES 2017-2018.","volume":"31","author":"Cash","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221153r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz149","article-title":"Sleep debt: the impact of weekday sleep deprivation on cardiovascular health in older women.","volume":"42","author":"Cabeza de Baca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi221153r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.13771","article-title":"Trends in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and diet quality among US adults, 1999-2016.","volume":"322","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221153r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014001943","article-title":"Is cooking at home associated with better diet quality or weight-loss intention?","volume":"18","author":"Wolfson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221153r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01199.x","article-title":"Testing Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and homogeneity of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium using complex survey data.","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221153r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6506a1","article-title":"Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults\u2014United States, 2014.","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"zoi221153r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd18.200573","article-title":"Effect of inadequate sleep on frequent mental distress.","volume":"18","author":"Blackwelder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221153r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2014.931103","article-title":"Sleep debt and obesity.","volume":"46","author":"Bayon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221153r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.11.001","article-title":"Associations between sleep duration and sleep debt with insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in the EGIR-RISC Study.","volume":"45","author":"van Dijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221153r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062908","article-title":"Sleep debt and social jetlag associated with sleepiness, mood, and work performance among workers in Japan.","volume":"18","author":"Okajima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221153r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2017.1411359","article-title":"Epidemiology of objectively measured bedtime and chronotype in US adolescents and adults: NHANES 2003-2006.","volume":"35","author":"Urbanek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"zoi221153r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.01.057","article-title":"Association of bedtime with mortality and major cardiovascular events: an analysis of 112,198 individuals from 21 countries in the PURE study.","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221153r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516953113","article-title":"Circadian misalignment increases cardiovascular disease risk factors in humans.","volume":"113","author":"Morris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi221153r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0302","article-title":"Mismatch of sleep and work timing and risk of type 2 diabetes.","volume":"38","author":"Vetter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221153r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.12.008","article-title":"Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among U.S. adults from 2002 to 2012.","volume":"16","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221153r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12942-2","article-title":"Interaction between trouble sleeping and depression on hypertension in the NHANES 2005-2018.","volume":"22","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"zoi221153r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S319675","article-title":"Excessive daytime sleepiness and cardiovascular mortality in US adults: a NHANES 2005-2008 follow-up study.","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221153r37","first-page":"127","article-title":"Sleep health disparity: the putative role of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status.","volume":"2","author":"Jehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221153r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.8.1453","article-title":"Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers.","volume":"27","author":"Drake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221153r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.4.509","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, occupational characteristics, and sleep duration in African\/Caribbean immigrants and US White health care workers.","volume":"34","author":"Ertel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"zoi221153r22","volume-title":"The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) Analytic and Reporting Guidelines","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2006"},{"key":"zoi221153r23","volume-title":"Introduction to Variance Estimation","author":"Wolter","year":"2007","edition":"2nd ed"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2798209\/di_2022_oi_221153_1666975803.47422.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T11:11:35Z","timestamp":1667905895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2798209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.40788","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]}}}