{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:45:39Z","timestamp":1789170339643,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Anemia affects millions of pregnant women and their children worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Although anemia in pregnancy is a well-described risk factor for cognitive development, the association with child brain structure is poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To explore the association of anemia during pregnancy and postnatal child anemia with brain structure in early life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This neuroimaging nested cohort study was embedded within the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a population-based birth cohort in South Africa. Pregnant individuals were enrolled into the DCHS between 2012 and 2015 from 2 clinics in a periurban setting. Mother-child pairs were assessed prospectively; follow-up is ongoing. A subgroup of children had brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at age 2 to 3 years from 2015 to 2018. This study focused on the 147 pairs with structural neuroimaging and available hemoglobin data. Data analyses were conducted in 2021 and 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Mothers had hemoglobin measurements during pregnancy, and a subgroup of children had hemoglobin measurements during early life. Anemia was classified as hemoglobin levels less than 11 g\/dL based on World Health Organization guidelines; children younger than 6 months were classified using local guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Child brain volumes of global, subcortical, and corpus callosum structures were quantified using T1-weighted MRI. Linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between maternal and child anemia with child brain volumes, accounting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 147 children (mean [SD] age at MRI, 34 [2] months; 83 [56.5%] male) with high-resolution MRI scans, prevalence of maternal anemia in pregnancy was 31.3% (46 of 147; median [IQR] gestation of measurement: 13 [9-20] weeks). Maternal anemia during pregnancy was significantly associated with smaller volumes of the child caudate bilaterally (adjusted percentage difference, \u22125.30% [95% CI, \u22127.01 to \u22123.59]), putamen (left hemisphere: \u22124.33% [95% CI, \u22125.74 to \u22122.92]), and corpus callosum (\u22127.75% [95% CI, \u221211.24 to \u22124.26]). Furthermore, antenatal maternal hemoglobin levels were also associated with brain volumes in the caudate (left hemisphere: standardized \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.15 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.28]; right hemisphere: \u03b2\u2009=\u20090.15 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.27]), putamen left hemisphere (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.21 [95% CI, 0.07 to 0.35]), and corpus callosum (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.24 [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.39]). Prevalence of child anemia was 52.5% (42 of 80; median [IQR] age of measurement: 8.0 [2.7 to 14.8] months). Child anemia was not associated with brain volumes, nor did it mediate the association of maternal anemia during pregnancy with brain volumes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study, anemia in pregnancy was associated with altered child brain structural development. Given the high prevalence of antenatal maternal anemia worldwide, these findings suggest that optimizing interventions during pregnancy may improve child brain outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.44772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T16:31:11Z","timestamp":1669998671000},"page":"e2244772","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Association of Maternal and Child Anemia With Brain Structure in Early Life in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Wedderburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Ringshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten A.","family":"Donald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantanu H.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivenesi","family":"Subramoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Paul","family":"Fouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob A. M.","family":"Stadler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC International Statistics & Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annerine","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Narr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9799","key":"zoi221267r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60555-2","article-title":"Inequality in early childhood: risk and protective factors for early child development.","volume":"378","author":"Walker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9809","key":"zoi221267r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62304-5","article-title":"Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries.","volume":"378","author":"Balarajan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.00.000000","article-title":"Anaemia in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries: progress towards the 2025 global nutrition target.","volume":"100","author":"Hasan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221267r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01498-0","article-title":"Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018.","volume":"27","author":"Kinyoki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70001-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995-2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data.","volume":"1","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2147046","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.47046","article-title":"Severity of anemia during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020447","article-title":"Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia: implications and impact in pregnancy, fetal development, and early childhood parameters.","volume":"12","author":"Means","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi221267r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002920","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for child development: an observational South African birth cohort.","volume":"16","author":"Donald","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"zoi221267r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00585","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency and neurocognitive development.","volume":"7","author":"Radlowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi221267r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0400-6","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the relation between iron status\/anemia in pregnancy and offspring neurodevelopment.","volume":"73","author":"Janbek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.002220","article-title":"Long-term effects of iron and zinc supplementation during infancy on cognitive function at 9 y of age in northeast Thai children: a follow-up study.","volume":"93","author":"Pongcharoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e77","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70046-9","article-title":"Effect of daily iron supplementation on health in children aged 4-23 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"1","author":"Pasricha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10064","key":"zoi221267r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31389-7","article-title":"Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course.","volume":"389","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"zoi221267r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00445","article-title":"Neuroimaging, a new tool for investigating the effects of early diet on cognitive and brain development.","volume":"7","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi221267r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.01.001","article-title":"MRI patterns of brain injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with severe anaemia at birth.","volume":"105","author":"Loureiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221267r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08516-2","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping reveals brain iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a whole-brain analysis.","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"zoi221267r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.02.028","article-title":"Magnetic susceptibility of brain iron is associated with childhood spatial IQ.","volume":"132","author":"Carpenter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-017-0023-5","article-title":"Effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on fetal neural development.","volume":"38","author":"Basu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.248","article-title":"Maternal prenatal iron status and tissue organization in the neonatal brain.","volume":"79","author":"Monk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221267r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206242","article-title":"Investigating the early-life determinants of illness in Africa: the Drakenstein Child Health Study.","volume":"70","author":"Zar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"zoi221267r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.03.016","article-title":"Investigating the psychosocial determinants of child health in Africa: The Drakenstein Child Health Study.","volume":"252","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi221267r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222399","article-title":"Maternal health and birth outcomes in a South African birth cohort study.","volume":"14","author":"Zar","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.v25.1","article-title":"Early structural brain development in infants exposed to HIV and antiretroviral therapy in utero in a South African birth cohort.","volume":"25","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-015-9771-0","article-title":"Alcohol exposure in utero is associated with decreased gray matter volume in neonates.","volume":"31","author":"Donald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"zoi221267r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116846","article-title":"Neuroimaging young children and associations with neurocognitive development in a South African birth cohort study.","volume":"219","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00569-X","article-title":"Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain.","volume":"33","author":"Fischl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","article-title":"Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex.","volume":"14","author":"Fischl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"zoi221267r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102368","article-title":"Validity of automated FreeSurfer segmentation compared to manual tracing in detecting prenatal alcohol exposure-related subcortical and corpus callosal alterations in 9- to 11-year-old children.","volume":"28","author":"Biffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"zoi221267r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108734","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to particulate matter air pollution on corpus callosum and behavioral problems in children.","volume":"178","author":"Mortamais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"zoi221267r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116225","article-title":"The quandary of covarying: a brief review and empirical examination of covariate use in structural neuroimaging studies on psychological variables.","volume":"205","author":"Hyatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"zoi221267r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.034","article-title":"Accurate automatic estimation of total intracranial volume: a nuisance variable with less nuisance.","volume":"104","author":"Malone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221267r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.08.040","article-title":"Structural MRI of pediatric brain development: what have we learned and where are we going?","volume":"67","author":"Giedd","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.03.006","article-title":"Iron deficiency in pregnancy.","volume":"223","author":"Georgieff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2017.02.004","article-title":"New insights into iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia.","volume":"31","author":"Camaschella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-815944","article-title":"Iron deficiency.","volume":"133","author":"Camaschella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221267r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.2018.107.issue-8","article-title":"Nutritional influences on brain development.","volume":"107","author":"Georgieff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.1","article-title":"Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood.","volume":"19","author":"Gilmore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi221267r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.v46.7","article-title":"The impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on gray matter volume and cortical surface area of 2 to 3-year-old children in a South African birth cohort.","volume":"46","author":"Subramoney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221267r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22305","article-title":"Subcortical regional morphology correlates with fluid and spatial intelligence.","volume":"35","author":"Burgaleta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221267r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9242-3","article-title":"Investigating the relation between striatal volume and IQ.","volume":"8","author":"MacDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0947-x","article-title":"White matter maturation profiles through early childhood predict general cognitive ability.","volume":"221","author":"Deoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"zoi221267r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2020.146654","article-title":"Neurodevelopment in adolescents and adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD): a magnetic resonance region of interest analysis.","volume":"1732","author":"Inkelis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-011-9162-1","article-title":"What does diffusion tensor imaging reveal about the brain and cognition in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders?","volume":"21","author":"Wozniak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221267r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721000096","article-title":"Everyday executive function and self-awareness in agenesis of the corpus callosum.","volume":"27","author":"Mangum","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S560","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265070284S409","article-title":"Iron deficiency and child development.","volume":"28","author":"Lozoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.e51","article-title":"Poorer behavioral and developmental outcome more than 10 years after treatment for iron deficiency in infancy.","volume":"105","author":"Lozoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221267r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-008-0822-y","article-title":"Iron states and cognitive abilities in young adults: neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment.","volume":"258","author":"Khedr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.v287.2","article-title":"Iron deficiency anaemia revisited.","volume":"287","author":"Cappellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221267r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-00029027","article-title":"Maternal iron status in pregnancy and long-term health outcomes in the offspring.","volume":"4","author":"Alwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi221267r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24820","article-title":"Iron deficiency across chronic inflammatory conditions: international expert opinion on definition, diagnosis, and management.","volume":"92","author":"Cappellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221267r55","first-page":"422","article-title":"Current misconceptions in diagnosis and management of iron deficiency.","volume":"15","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r56","first-page":"491","article-title":"The neurochemical basis of cognitive deficits induced by brain iron deficiency: involvement of dopamine-opiate system.","volume":"46","author":"Youdim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221267r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.v17:8","article-title":"Perinatal iron deficiency results in altered developmental expression of genes mediating energy metabolism and neuronal morphogenesis in hippocampus.","volume":"17","author":"Carlson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221267r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.227561","article-title":"Prenatal choline supplementation diminishes early-life iron deficiency\u2013induced reprogramming of molecular networks associated with behavioral abnormalities in the adult rat hippocampus.","volume":"146","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221267r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1097-4547","article-title":"Effect of manipulation of iron storage, transport, or availability on myelin composition and brain iron content in three different animal models.","volume":"77","author":"Ortiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004736.pub3","article-title":"Effects and safety of preventive oral iron or iron+folic acid supplementation for women during pregnancy.","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Rosas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221267r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128793","article-title":"Iron interventions for women and children in low-income countries.","volume":"141","author":"Stoltzfus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221267r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2012.37","article-title":"Preschool micronutrient supplementation effects on intellectual and motor function in school-aged Nepalese children.","volume":"166","author":"Murray-Kolb","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"zoi221267r1","volume-title":"The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"zoi221267r14","volume-title":"WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"zoi221267r28","volume-title":"WHO Child Growth Standards: Length\/Height-for-Age, Weight-for-Age, Weight-for-Length, Weight-for-Height and Body Mass Index-for-Age: Methods and Development","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"zoi221267r29","volume-title":"Haemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anaemia and Assessment of Severity","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"zoi221267r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-33328-0","volume-title":"Oxidative Stress and Neuroprotection","author":"Parvez","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2799122\/wedderburn_2022_oi_221267_1669144529.49768.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T16:31:16Z","timestamp":1669998676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2799122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.44772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}