{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:27:11Z","timestamp":1790018831564,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Parental astigmatism is a factor associated with risk for development of child astigmatism; however, the magnitude of the association has not been determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To determine the association between parental and child astigmatism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This population-based, cross-sectional study included participants from familial trios, each comprising a child aged 6 to 8 years and both parents, recruited from the Hong Kong Children Eye Study. No restriction criteria were set on the children in terms of refractive status. Data were analyzed from February to June 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Cycloplegic autorefraction and autokeratometry were conducted on the children, whereas noncycloplegic autorefraction and autokeratometry were conducted on their parents. The children were categorized into 6 groups on the basis of the severity of astigmatism of both parents. Information on parental education, family income, and children\u2019s outdoor and near work time were obtained by questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was the odds of child astigmatism among the 6 categories of children. Associations of factors with child astigmatism were evaluated by logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 17\u202f124 participants from 5708 trios (2964 boys and 2754 girls) at a mean (SD) age of 7.32 (0.87) years, and 11\u202f416 parents were examined. Astigmatism of 1.0 D or greater in both parents was associated with greater odds of refractive astigmatism (RA) (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.15-2.26) and corneal astigmatism (CA) (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.50-2.50) in the child. The respective ORs increased to 3.10 (95% CI, 1.34-7.21) and 4.31 (95% CI, 1.76-10.55) when both parents had astigmatism 2.0 D or greater. Higher parental astigmatism conferred higher risks for both RA and CA in children (P<\/jats:italic> for trend &amp;lt;.001). Parental astigmatism was significantly associated with greater odds of corresponding child astigmatism (maternal RA: OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84; paternal RA: OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.91; maternal CA: OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.51-1.93; paternal CA: OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.49).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>The findings of this cross-sectional study suggest that parental astigmatism may confer an independent and dose-dependent association with child astigmatism. Children with parents with astigmatism should have early eye examinations for timely detection of astigmatism to facilitate age-appropriate vision correction and visual development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T16:04:42Z","timestamp":1671638682000},"page":"e2247795","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Association of Maternal and Paternal Astigmatism With Child Astigmatism in the Hong Kong Children Eye Study"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ka Wai","family":"Kam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold S. 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F.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Kit","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvin L.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement C.","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Children\u2019s Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi 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