{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:05:19Z","timestamp":1791403519744,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Racist policies (such as redlining) create inequities in the built environment, producing racially and ethnically segregated communities, poor housing conditions, unwalkable neighborhoods, and general disadvantage. Studies on built environment disparities are usually limited to measures and data that are available from existing sources or can be manually collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To use built environment indicators generated from online street-level images to investigate the association among neighborhood racial and ethnic composition, the built environment, and health outcomes across urban areas in the US.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This cross-sectional study was conducted using built environment indicators derived from 164 million Google Street View images collected from November 1 to 30, 2019. Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic data were obtained from the 2019 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates; health outcomes were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020 Population Level Analysis and Community Estimates (PLACES) data set. Multilevel modeling and mediation analysis were applied. A total of 59\u202f231 urban census tracts in the US were included. The online images and the ACS data included all census tracts. The PLACES data comprised survey respondents 18 years or older. Data were analyzed from May 23 to November 16, 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Model-estimated association between image-derived built environment indicators and census tract (neighborhood) racial and ethnic composition, and the association of the built environment with neighborhood racial composition and health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The racial and ethnic composition in the 59\u202f231 urban census tracts was 1\u202f160\u202f595 (0.4%) American Indian and Alaska Native, 53\u202f321\u202f345 (19.5%) Hispanic, 462\u202f259 (0.2%) Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 17\u202f166\u202f370 (6.3%) non-Hispanic Asian, 35\u202f985\u202f480 (13.2%) non-Hispanic Black, and 158\u202f043\u202f260 (57.7%) non-Hispanic White residents. Compared with other neighborhoods, predominantly White neighborhoods had fewer dilapidated buildings and more green space indicators, usually associated with good health, and fewer crosswalks (eg, neighborhoods with predominantly minoritized racial or ethnic groups other than Black residents had 6% more dilapidated buildings than neighborhoods with predominantly White residents). Moreover, the built environment indicators partially mediated the association between neighborhood racial and ethnic composition and health outcomes, including diabetes, asthma, and sleeping problems. The most significant mediator was non\u2013single family homes (a measure associated with homeownership), which mediated the association between neighborhoods with predominantly minority racial or ethnic groups other than Black residents and sleeping problems by 12.8% and the association between unclassified neighborhoods and asthma by 24.2%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>The findings in this cross-sectional study suggest that large geographically representative data sets, if used appropriately, may provide novel insights on racial and ethnic health inequities. Quantifying the impact of structural racism on social determinants of health is one step toward developing policies and interventions to create equitable built environment resources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T16:02:02Z","timestamp":1674057722000},"page":"e2251201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Association of Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Composition and Historical Redlining With Built Environment Indicators Derived From Street View Images in the US"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yukun","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Antiracist Research, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahyoung","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Antiracist Research, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Political Science, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quynh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine O.","family":"Nsoesie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Antiracist Research, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.061812","article-title":"Addressing social determinants of health inequities: learning from doing.","volume":"95","author":"Baker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0b013e3181c4e2e5","article-title":"A systematic review of built environment and health.","volume":"33","author":"Renalds","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fam Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r3","first-page":"24","article-title":"Public health: Seattle and King County's push for the built environment.","volume":"71","author":"Roof","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20190414","article-title":"The effects of the 1930s HOLC \u201credlining\u201d maps.","volume":"13","author":"Aaronson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Econ J Econ Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2020.1759127","article-title":"Urban heat management and the legacy of redlining.","volume":"86","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Plann Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi221459r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-022-00665-z","article-title":"The relationship of historical redlining with present-day neighborhood environmental and health outcomes: a scoping review and conceptual model.","volume":"99","author":"Swope","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi221459r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.305656","article-title":"Structural racism, historical redlining, and risk of preterm birth in New York City, 2013\u20132017.","volume":"110","author":"Krieger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30241-4","article-title":"Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: an ecological study.","volume":"4","author":"Nardone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221459r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237241","article-title":"Associations between historical redlining and birth outcomes from 2006 through 2015 in California.","volume":"15","author":"Nardone","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221459r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1060826516641103","article-title":"\u201cRacism?!?... just look at our neighborhoods\u201d: views on racial discrimination and coping among African American men in Saint Louis.","volume":"24","author":"Hudson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mens Stud"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi221459r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMms2025396","article-title":"How structural racism works\u2014racist policies as a root cause of US racial health inequities.","volume":"384","author":"Bailey","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110303453","article-title":"Exposure to neighborhood green space and mental health: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin.","volume":"11","author":"Beyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.064287","article-title":"Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships?","volume":"62","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2019.06.005","article-title":"Green environments and cardiovascular health.","volume":"30","author":"Yeager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.12.002","article-title":"Physical and social environment relationship with sleep health and disorders.","volume":"157","author":"Billings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2018.08.001","article-title":"Exposure to neighborhood green space and sleep: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin.","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"zoi221459r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10428","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910428","article-title":"Google Street View\u2013derived neighborhood characteristics in California associated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes.","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi221459r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1162-1","article-title":"Diabetes and the built environment: evidence and policies.","volume":"19","author":"Amuda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-012-9782-7","article-title":"More than just an eyesore: local insights and solutions on vacant land and urban health.","volume":"90","author":"Garvin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221459r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2004.11.002","article-title":"Urban asthma and the neighbourhood environment in New York City.","volume":"12","author":"Corburn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc6010015","article-title":"Google Street View images as predictors of patient health outcomes, 2017-2019.","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Big Data Cogn Comput"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e181535","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.1535","article-title":"Use of deep learning to examine the association of the built environment with prevalence of neighborhood adult obesity.","volume":"1","author":"Maharana","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"19","key":"zoi221459r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12095","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912095","article-title":"Using convolutional neural networks to derive neighborhood built environments from Google Street View images and examine their associations with health outcomes.","volume":"19","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s12552-021-09312-9","article-title":"Neighborhood racial\/ethnic composition and medical discrimination\u2019s relation to mammograms: a Philadelphia case study.","volume":"13","author":"Gibbons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Race Soc Probl"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267606","article-title":"Connecting past to present: examining different approaches to linking historical redlining to present day health inequities.","volume":"17","author":"Noelke","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx302","article-title":"Associations between the built environment and objective measures of sleep: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.","volume":"187","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010078","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.","volume":"15","author":"Dendup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","article-title":"mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis.","volume":"59","author":"Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi221459r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13090844","article-title":"Mapping the racial inequality in place: using youth perceptions to identify unequal exposure to neighborhood environmental hazards.","volume":"13","author":"Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2011.05.002","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in urban green space accessibility: where to intervene?","volume":"102","author":"Dai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc Urban Plan"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgac120","article-title":"Towards better data science to address racial bias and health equity.","volume":"1","author":"Nsoesie","year":"2022","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S264","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2008.47","article-title":"Disparities in urban neighborhood conditions: evidence from GIS measures and field observation in New York City.","volume":"30","author":"Neckerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.01.024","article-title":"Walkability and safety around elementary schools economic and ethnic disparities.","volume":"34","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"zoi221459r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2016.03.004","article-title":"Disparities in pedestrian streetscape environments by income and race\/ethnicity.","volume":"2","author":"Thornton","year":"2016","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"zoi221459r48","first-page":"53","article-title":"Race, homeownership and wealth.","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wash U J Law Policy"},{"key":"zoi221459r49","first-page":"53","article-title":"Trends in homeownership: race, demographics, and income.","volume":"22","author":"Segal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econ Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e122","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300944","article-title":"Race\/ethnicity and the relationship between homeownership and health.","volume":"103","author":"Ortiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10077","key":"zoi221459r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions.","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110520958876","article-title":"Structural racism and health disparities: reconfiguring the social determinants of health framework to include the root cause.","volume":"48","author":"Yearby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Law Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi221459r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12878","article-title":"Childhood obesity within the lens of racism.","volume":"17","author":"Browne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi221459r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01489","article-title":"Improving the measurement of structural racism to achieve antiracist health policy: study examines measurement of structural racism to achieve antiracist health policy.","volume":"41","author":"Hardeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi221459r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211032947","article-title":"Structural intersectionality as a new direction for health disparities research.","volume":"62","author":"Homan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi221459r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11693","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818816116","article-title":"Historical roots of implicit bias in slavery.","volume":"116","author":"Payne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306064","article-title":"US state disparities in life expectancy, disability-free life expectancy, and disabled life expectancy among adults aged 25 to 89 years.","volume":"111","author":"Farina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi221459r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304080","article-title":"Deregulation, devolution, and state preemption laws\u2019 impact on US mortality trends.","volume":"107","author":"Montez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi221459r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-012-9426-x","article-title":"Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA.","volume":"45","author":"Wen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi221459r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2021.0039","article-title":"How racial residential segregation structures access and exposure to greenness and green space: a review.","volume":"15","author":"Kephart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi221459r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7495","article-title":"Redlines and greenspace: the relationship between historical redlining and 2010 greenspace across the United States.","volume":"129","author":"Nardone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"zoi221459r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315099781-29","volume-title":"The Routledge Companion to Spatial History","author":"Connolly","year":"2018"},{"key":"zoi221459r5","volume-title":"Facing Segregation: Housing Policy Solutions for a Stronger Society","author":"Metzger","year":"2018"},{"key":"zoi221459r6","volume-title":"The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America","author":"Rothstein","year":"2017"},{"key":"zoi221459r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315155722-2","volume-title":"Public Health Research Methods for Partnerships and Practice","author":"Hudson","year":"2017"},{"key":"zoi221459r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203707425","volume-title":"Black Wealth\/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality","author":"Oliver","year":"2013"},{"key":"zoi221459r8","unstructured":"Mitchell? B, Franco? J. HOLC \u201credlining\u201d maps: the persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality. National Community Reinvestment Coalition. March 20, 2018. Accessed November 7, 2022. https:\/\/ncrc.org\/holc\/"},{"key":"zoi221459r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An? B, Orlando? A, Rodnyansky? S. The physical legacy of racism: how redlining cemented the modern built environment. December 30, 2019. Accessed November 8, 2022. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3500612","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3500612"},{"key":"zoi221459r30","unstructured":"USDA ERS. Rural-urban commuting area codes. Updated August 17, 2020. Accessed July 1, 2022. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/data-products\/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes\/"},{"key":"zoi221459r31","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. American community survey 5-year data (2009-2020). March 17, 2022. Accessed July 1, 2022. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/developers\/data-sets\/acs-5year.html"},{"key":"zoi221459r33","unstructured":"Nelson? RK, Winling? L, Marciano? R, . Mapping inequality. In: Nelson? RK, Ayers? EL, eds. American Panorama. Digital Scholarship Lab, University of Richmond; 2022. Accessed November 14, 2022. https:\/\/dsl.richmond.edu\/panorama\/redlining\/#loc=13\/42.323\/-71.185&city=brookline-ma&text=downloads"},{"key":"zoi221459r35","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PLACES: census tract data (GIS friendly format): 2020 release. Updated December 2, 2021. Accessed July 1, 2022. https:\/\/chronicdata.cdc.gov\/500-Cities-Places\/PLACES-Census-Tract-Data-GIS-Friendly-Format-2020-\/ib3w-k9rq"},{"key":"zoi221459r38","unstructured":"Bates? D, Maechler? M, Bolke? B, . lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using \u201cEigen\u201d and S4. July 8, 2022. Accessed September 6, 2022. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lme4\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi221459r39","unstructured":"Maechler? M, Rousseeuw? P, Struyf? A, . cluster: \u201cFinding groups in data\u201d: cluster analysis extended Rousseeuw et al. August 22, 2022. Accessed September 6, 2022. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/cluster\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi221459r40","unstructured":"Tingley? D, Yamamoto? T, Hirose? K, . mediation: Causal mediation analysis. October 8, 2019. Accessed September 6, 2022. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mediation\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi221459r60","unstructured":"Neighborhood Homes Investment Act. Accessed November 14, 2022. https:\/\/neighborhoodhomesinvestmentact.org\/"},{"key":"zoi221459r61","unstructured":"Community Reinvestment Act (CRA). Updated August 24, 2022. Accessed November 14, 2022. https:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/consumerscommunities\/cra_about.htm"},{"key":"zoi221459r62","unstructured":"Zhu? L. Laurie Goodman, Jun Zhu. The Community Reinvestment Act meant to combat redlining\u2019s effects: 45 years later, Black homebuyers are still significantly underserved. Urban Institute. March 24, 2022. Accessed November 14, 2022. https:\/\/www.urban.org\/urban-wire\/community-reinvestment-act-meant-combat-redlinings-effects-45-years-later-black"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2800557\/yang_2023_oi_221459_1673369536.55783.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T16:02:36Z","timestamp":1674057756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2800557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.51201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}