{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T20:12:14Z","timestamp":1779307934062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>The long-term consequences of COVID-19 on mental health are a critical issue given the number of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To investigate the associations between self-reported COVID-19\u2013like symptoms or SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent depression or anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This propensity score\u2013matched cohort study began in May 2020, with follow-ups in November 2020 and July 2021. The study used data from a large, randomly selected, national population\u2013based cohort from France, the EpiCoV (Epid\u00e9miologie et Conditions de Vie) study. Of 85\u202f074 individuals 15 years or older who completed the questionnaires at the 3 collection times, 28\u202f568 were excluded because they did not return a blood sample for serologic testing, 1994 because of missing data on outcomes or exposures, and 9252 to respect the temporal sequence (exposure must precede the outcome).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Propensity scores based on various socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health variables were computed to match participants who experienced COVID-19\u2013like symptoms between February and November 2020 or showed SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in November 2020.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between these occurrences and depression or anxiety assessed in July 2021 using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scales, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among the 45\u202f260 included participants (mean [SD] age, 51.1 [18.9] years; 52.4% women; 8.0% with depression and 5.3% with anxiety in July 2021), COVID-19\u2013like symptoms were associated with subsequent depression (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.45-1.99) and anxiety (adjusted OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.29-1.92), whereas SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was not. Furthermore, COVID-19\u2013like symptoms, but not anosmia or dysgeusia alone, were associated with subsequent depression and anxiety in both the seropositive and seronegative subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study of more than 45\u202f000 individuals drawn from the French general population, SARS-CoV-2 infection was not found as a risk factor of subsequent depression or anxiety. Moreover, self-reported COVID-19\u2013like symptoms were associated with depression and anxiety assessed at least 8 months later in both seropositive and seronegative subgroups, suggesting that factors other than SARS-CoV-2 infection are implied in this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.12892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T15:02:41Z","timestamp":1683817361000},"page":"e2312892","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of Depression and Anxiety Following Self-reported COVID-19\u2013Like Symptoms vs SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity in France"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Rouquette","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Epid\u00e9miologie et Sant\u00e9 des Populations, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 de Versailles 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