{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:30:09Z","timestamp":1787830209557,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Vitamin D is associated with neurodevelopment, but causality, critical windows, and potentials for modification remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To determine the impact of high-dose (1200 IU) vs standard-dose (400 IU) vitamin D3<\/jats:sub> supplementation during the first 2 years on psychiatric symptoms at ages 6 to 8 years and whether the impact is different in children with lower vs higher maternal vitamin D3<\/jats:sub> levels; lower vs higher levels were defined as 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) less than 30 ng\/mL vs 30 ng\/mL or greater.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This study was a long-term follow-up of the double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) Vitamin D Intervention in Infants (VIDI) conducted at a single center in Helsinki, Finland, at 60 degrees north latitude. Recruitment for VIDI took place in 2013 to 2014. Follow-up data for secondary data analysis were collected 2020 to 2021. VIDI originally included 987 term-born infants; 546 of these individuals participated in the follow-up at ages 6 to 8 years, among whom 346 individuals had data on parent-reported psychiatric symptoms. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to March 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Interventions<\/jats:title>There were 169 infants randomized to receive 400-IU and 177 infants randomized to receive 1200-IU oral vitamin D3<\/jats:sub> supplementation daily from ages 2 weeks to 24 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Primary outcomes were internalizing, externalizing, and total problems scores, with clinically significant problems defined as T<\/jats:italic> scores of 64 or greater in the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 346 participants (164 females [47.4%]; mean [SD] age, 7.1 [0.4] years), the vitamin D3<\/jats:sub> dose was 400 IU for 169 participants and 1200 IU for 177 participants. Clinically significant internalizing problems occurred in 10 participants in the 1200-IU group (5.6% prevalence) compared with 20 participants (11.8%) in the 400-IU group (odds ratio, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17-0.94; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04) after adjustment for sex, birth season, maternal depressive symptoms at birth, and parental single status at follow-up. In a post hoc subgroup analysis, 48 children in the 400-IU group with maternal 25(OH)D concentrations less than 30 ng\/mL had higher internalizing problems scores compared with children in the 1200-IU group, including 44 children with maternal 25(OH)D concentrations below 30 ng\/mL (adjusted mean difference, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.09-0.89; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02) and 91 children with maternal concentrations above 30 ng\/mL (adjusted mean difference, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.03-0.72; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04). Groups did not differ in externalizing or total problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This randomized clinical trial found that higher-than-standard vitamin D3<\/jats:sub> supplementation in the first 2 years decreased risk of internalizing problems at ages 6 to 8 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01723852<\/jats:ext-link> (VIDI) and NCT04302987<\/jats:ext-link> (VIDI2)<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.14319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T15:31:11Z","timestamp":1684510271000},"page":"e2314319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effect of Vitamin D3<\/sub> Supplementation in the First 2 Years of Life on Psychiatric Symptoms at Ages 6 to 8 Years"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sandboge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology\/Welfare 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