{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:46:34Z","timestamp":1785210394997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Because type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become increasingly prevalent among young adults, the study of the association of T2D with psychiatric disorders in young adults is important for early detection and timely intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To determine whether a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder is associated with increased risk of developing T2D in young adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This large-scale prospective cohort study used data collected by the South Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2012, representing 97% of the South Korean population. Young adults aged 20 to 39 years with and without diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were included in the study. Young adults with missing data and those with a history of T2D were excluded from the study. The cohort was followed up to monitor development of T2D until December 2018. Data were analyzed from March 2021 to February 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Diagnosis of 1 of 5 psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was newly diagnosed T2D during a follow-up period of 7.59 years. The incidence rate of T2D was calculated as the number of new cases per 1000 person-years during the follow-up period. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for T2D incidence. Exploratory analyses were performed for subgroups stratified by age and sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>In total, 6\u202f457\u202f991 young adults (mean [SD] age, 30.74 [4.98] years; 3\u202f821\u202f858 men [59.18%]) were followed up, including 658\u202f430 individuals with psychiatric disorders. The cumulative incidence of T2D differed significantly between individuals with and without psychiatric disorders (log-rank test, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Incidence rates of T2D for individuals with and without psychiatric disorders were 2.89 and 2.56 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Individuals with a diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder showed a higher risk of developing T2D than those without a diagnosis (adjusted HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.17-1.22). The adjusted HRs for T2D were 2.04 (95% CI, 1.83-2.28) for individuals with schizophrenia, 1.91 (95% CI, 1.73-2.12) for individuals with bipolar disorder, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.20-1.28) for individuals with depressive disorder, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11-1.16) for individuals with anxiety disorder, and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.27-1.35) for individuals with sleep disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this large-scale prospective cohort study of young adults, 5 psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing T2D. Young adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in particular were at a higher risk of T2D. These results have important implications for early detection of and timely intervention in T2D for young adults with psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.19132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T15:31:11Z","timestamp":1688139071000},"page":"e2319132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association With Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adults in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Min-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo-Young","family":"Sohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0038","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Korean children, adolescents, and adults younger than 30 years: changes from 2002 to 2016.","volume":"46","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230581r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2100165","article-title":"Long-term complications in youth-onset type 2 diabetes.","volume":"385","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230581r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0334-z","article-title":"Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications for morbidity and mortality.","volume":"16","author":"Magliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230581r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30186-9","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults.","volume":"6","author":"Lascar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230581r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2021.379","article-title":"Young-onset type 2 diabetes in South Korea: a review of the current status and unmet need.","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230581r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622314548679","article-title":"Early onset type 2 diabetes: risk factors, clinical impact and management.","volume":"5","author":"Wilmot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1900","article-title":"Excess burden of mental illness and hospitalization in young-onset type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"170","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038","article-title":"The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013.","volume":"43","author":"Steel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230581r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1647-5","article-title":"Prevalence and stability of mental disorders among young adults: findings from a longitudinal study.","volume":"18","author":"Gustavson","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"18","key":"zoi230581r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915784","article-title":"Association between mental disorders and subsequent medical conditions.","volume":"382","author":"Momen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05609-x","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in psychiatric disorders: an umbrella review with meta-analysis of 245 observational studies from 32 systematic reviews.","volume":"65","author":"Lindekilde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1864","article-title":"Risk of developing type 2 diabetes in individuals with a psychiatric disorder: a nationwide register-based cohort study.","volume":"45","author":"Lindekilde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230581r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3504","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac204","article-title":"Severe mental illness and the risk of diabetes complications: a nationwide, register-based cohort study.","volume":"107","author":"Scheuer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00505-2","article-title":"Estimating the true global burden of mental illness.","volume":"3","author":"Vigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi230581r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv319","article-title":"Cohort profile: the national health insurance service-national sample cohort (NHIS-NSC), South Korea.","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.42.2.93","article-title":"Past and current status of adult type 2 diabetes mellitus management in Korea: a National Health Insurance Service database analysis.","volume":"42","author":"Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi230581r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement.","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"zoi230581r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108855","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews with and without meta-analyses.","volume":"176","author":"Lindekilde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.203","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and severe mental illness: mechanisms and clinical implications.","volume":"11","author":"Holt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2010.12.009","article-title":"Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans.","volume":"52","author":"Chwastiak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230581r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.2011.12.issue-5","article-title":"Environmental correlates of physical activity and dietary behaviours among young people: a systematic review of reviews.","volume":"12","author":"de Vet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.2015.132.issue-2","article-title":"The prevalence and predictors of type two diabetes mellitus in people with schizophrenia: a systematic review and comparative meta-analysis.","volume":"132","author":"Stubbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230581r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09635","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"76","author":"Vancampfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi230581r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0985","article-title":"Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Mezuk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230581r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2018.35.issue-6","article-title":"Investigating the longitudinal association between diabetes and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230581r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2018-000604","article-title":"Insomnia is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the clinical setting.","volume":"6","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2015.17.3\/bbandelow","article-title":"Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century.","volume":"17","author":"Bandelow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi230581r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06801","article-title":"Increased risk of diabetes mellitus among persons with psychotic symptoms: results from the WHO World Health Survey.","volume":"72","author":"Nuevo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi230581r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00314","article-title":"Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus type II in bipolar disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Kittel-Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230581r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.05.005","article-title":"Sex differences in neurological and psychiatric disorders.","volume":"35","author":"Young","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"zoi230581r34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and antipsychotic medications.","volume":"62","author":"Haupt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230581r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053","article-title":"Antipsychotics and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth.","volume":"70","author":"Bobo","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230581r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4030","article-title":"Diabetes risk potentially underestimated in youth and children receiving antipsychotics.","volume":"71","author":"Samaras","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi230581r17","volume-title":"Korean statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (KCD)","author":"Korea Informative Classification of Diseases","year":"2016","edition":"7th ed"},{"key":"zoi230581r18","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. 1992. Accessed May 9, 2023. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/classification\/other-classifications\/9241544228_eng.pdf?sfvrsn=933a13d3_1&download=true"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2806720\/lee_2023_oi_230581_1687536410.8075.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T15:31:16Z","timestamp":1688139076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2806720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.19132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]]}}}