{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:18:30Z","timestamp":1793283510802,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), have highly heterogeneous and overlapping phenotypes and neurobiology. Data-driven approaches are beginning to identify homogeneous transdiagnostic subgroups of children; however, findings have yet to be replicated in independently collected data sets, a necessity for translation into clinical settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To identify subgroups of children with and without neurodevelopmental conditions with shared functional brain characteristics using data from 2 large, independent data sets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This case-control study used data from the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental (POND) network (study recruitment began June 2012 and is ongoing; data were extracted April 2021) and the Healthy Brain Network (HBN; study recruitment began May 2015 and is ongoing; data were extracted November 2020). POND and HBN data are collected from institutions across Ontario and New York, respectively. Participants who had diagnoses of ASD, ADHD, and OCD or were typically developing (TD); were aged between 5 and 19 years; and successfully completed the resting-state and anatomical neuroimaging protocol were included in the current study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The analyses consisted of a data-driven clustering procedure on measures derived from each participant\u2019s resting-state functional connectome, performed independently on each data set. Differences between each pair of leaves in the resulting clustering decision trees in the demographic and clinical characteristics were tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Overall, 551 children and adolescents were included from each data set. POND included 164 participants with ADHD; 217 with ASD; 60 with OCD; and 110 with TD (median [IQR] age, 11.87 [9.51-14.76] years; 393 [71.2%] male participants; 20 [3.6%] Black, 28 [5.1%] Latino, and 299 [54.2%] White participants) and HBN included 374 participants with ADHD; 66 with ASD; 11 with OCD; and 100 with TD (median [IQR] age, 11.50 [9.22-14.20] years; 390 [70.8%] male participants; 82 [14.9%] Black, 57 [10.3%] Hispanic, and 257 [46.6%] White participants). In both data sets, subgroups with similar biology that differed significantly in intelligence as well as hyperactivity and impulsivity problems were identified, yet these groups showed no consistent alignment with current diagnostic categories. For example, there was a significant difference in Strengths and Weaknesses ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Hyperactivity\/Impulsivity subscale (SWAN-HI) between 2 subgroups in the POND data (C and D), with subgroup D having increased hyperactivity and impulsivity traits compared with subgroup C (median [IQR], 2.50 [0.00-7.00] vs 1.00 [0.00-5.00]; U<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.19\u2009\u00d7\u2009104<\/jats:sup>; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01; \u03b72<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.02). A significant difference in SWAN-HI scores between subgroups g and d in the HBN data was also observed (median [IQR], 1.00 [0.00-4.00] vs 0.00 [0.00-2.00]; corrected P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02). There were no differences in the proportion of each diagnosis between the subgroups in either data set.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>The findings of this study suggest that homogeneity in the neurobiology of neurodevelopmental conditions transcends diagnostic boundaries and is instead associated with behavioral characteristics. This work takes an important step toward translating neurobiological subgroups into clinical settings by being the first to replicate our findings in independently collected data sets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.2066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T15:01:53Z","timestamp":1678719713000},"page":"e232066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Identifying Replicable Subgroups in Neurodevelopmental Conditions Using Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Marlee M.","family":"Vandewouw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Brian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Crosbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell J.","family":"Schachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Iaboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stelios","family":"Georgiades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Nicolson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ayub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margot J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Lerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evdokia","family":"Anagnostou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Kushki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Autism Research Centre, Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0390-0","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental heterogeneity and computational approaches for understanding autism.","volume":"9","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230095r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-008-9286-9","article-title":"Heterogeneity in ADHD: neuropsychological pathways, comorbidity and symptom domains.","volume":"37","author":"W\u00e5hlstedt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230095r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220303949","article-title":"Heterogeneity of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review.","volume":"11","author":"Lochner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230095r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30289-5","article-title":"Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi230095r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002873","article-title":"Autistic spectrum disorder symptoms in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytical review.","volume":"50","author":"Hollingdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2204-9","article-title":"Repetitive behaviors in autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder: new perspectives from a network analysis.","volume":"45","author":"Ruzzano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230095r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.03.016","article-title":"Examining and comparing social perception abilities across childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"54","author":"Baribeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi230095r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2020.102476","article-title":"Beyond diagnosis: cross-diagnostic features in canonical resting-state networks in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa242","article-title":"A whole-brain and cross-diagnostic perspective on functional brain network dysfunction.","volume":"31","author":"Spronk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"zoi230095r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101678","article-title":"Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"21","author":"Dajani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230095r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2019.0669","article-title":"Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder with individual connectome mapping.","volume":"9","author":"Dajani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"7902","key":"zoi230095r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04492-9","article-title":"Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals.","volume":"603","author":"Marek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230095r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.78","article-title":"The autism brain imaging data exchange: towards a large-scale evaluation of the intrinsic brain architecture in autism.","volume":"19","author":"Di Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"15","key":"zoi230095r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171900237X","article-title":"Impairments of large-scale functional networks in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity.","volume":"49","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi230095r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.01.016","article-title":"Frontoparietal areas link impairments of large-scale intrinsic brain networks with aberrant fronto-striatal interactions in OCD: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity.","volume":"87","author":"G\u00fcrsel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.08.014","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"60","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"JAN","key":"zoi230095r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00205","article-title":"Resting-state functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders: a review.","volume":"7","author":"Hull","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230095r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3919","article-title":"The idiosyncratic brain: distortion of spontaneous connectivity patterns in autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"18","author":"Hahamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"48","key":"zoi230095r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12083","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2965-15.2016","article-title":"The segregation and integration of distinct brain networks and their relationship to cognition.","volume":"36","author":"Cohen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"zoi230095r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.08.010","article-title":"Principles of dynamic network reconfiguration across diverse brain states.","volume":"180","author":"Shine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230095r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3963","article-title":"Rethinking segregation and integration: contributions of whole-brain modelling.","volume":"16","author":"Deco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi230095r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.12.071","article-title":"Graph-theoretical analysis of resting-state fMRI in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"193","author":"Armstrong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.11.006","article-title":"Altered functional and structural brain network organization in autism.","volume":"2","author":"Rudie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"zoi230095r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109796","article-title":"Altered resting functional network topology assessed using graph theory in youth with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230095r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab142","article-title":"Cross-diagnosis structural correlates of autistic-like social communication differences.","volume":"31","author":"Kushki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0631-2","article-title":"Examining overlap and homogeneity in ASD, ADHD, and OCD: a data-driven, diagnosis-agnostic approach.","volume":"9","author":"Kushki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230095r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09091379","article-title":"Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders.","volume":"167","author":"Insel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0179-6","article-title":"Shared endo-phenotypes of default mode dysfunction in attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Kernbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi230095r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.826527","article-title":"Shared and distinct patterns of functional connectivity to emotional faces in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder children.","volume":"13","author":"Safar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230095r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa186","article-title":"Neural correlates of shared sensory symptoms in autism and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"2","author":"Itahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1122-7","article-title":"From hype to reality: data science enabling personalized medicine.","volume":"16","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"zoi230095r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100902","article-title":"Opportunities for increased reproducibility and replicability of developmental neuroimaging.","volume":"47","author":"Klapwijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.181","article-title":"An open resource for transdiagnostic research in pediatric mental health and learning disorders.","volume":"4","author":"Alexander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230095r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179","article-title":"Local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from intrinsic functional connectivity MRI.","volume":"28","author":"Schaefer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230095r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00711-6","article-title":"Topographic organization of the human subcortex unveiled with functional connectivity gradients.","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1162\/netn_a_00170","article-title":"Combining network topology and information theory to construct representative brain networks.","volume":"5","author":"Luppi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Netw Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230095r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2017.0512","article-title":"Data-driven topological filtering based on orthogonal minimal spanning trees: application to multigroup magnetoencephalography resting-state connectivity.","volume":"7","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230095r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations.","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230095r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2001.9990249","article-title":"A faster algorithm for betweenness centrality.","volume":"25","author":"Brandes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Math Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230095r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2810","article-title":"Similarity network fusion for aggregating data types on a genomic scale.","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927408827101","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis.","volume":"3","author":"Calinski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun Stat Simul Comput"},{"key":"zoi230095r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2116331","article-title":"Selective inference for hierarchical clustering.","author":"Gao","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230095r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.v63.4","article-title":"Annual research review: the transdiagnostic revolution in neurodevelopmental disorders.","volume":"63","author":"Astle","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230095r51","first-page":"9","article-title":"Child functional characteristics explain child and family outcomes better than diagnosis: population-based study of children with autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders\/disabilities.","volume":"27","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"zoi230095r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2019.101796","article-title":"Evaluating the evidence for biotypes of depression: methodological replication and extension of.","volume":"22","author":"Dinga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230095r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00902-6","article-title":"Integration of brain and behavior measures for identification of data-driven groups cutting across children with ASD, ADHD, or OCD.","volume":"46","author":"Jacobs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230095r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.v41.5","article-title":"Nonreplication of functional connectivity differences in autism spectrum disorder across multiple sites and denoising strategies.","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"zoi230095r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01300-9","article-title":"Diversity of intelligence is the norm within the autism spectrum: full scale intelligence scores among children with ASD.","author":"Billeiter","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230095r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.3.543","article-title":"Meta-analysis of intellectual and neuropsychological test performance in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"18","author":"Frazier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9358-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of intelligence quotient (IQ) in obsessive-compulsive disorder.","volume":"28","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00338-1","article-title":"Inattention and hyperactive\/impulsive component scores do not differentiate between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in a clinical sample.","volume":"11","author":"Krakowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230095r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2853-y","article-title":"Association of autism spectrum disorder with obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity traits and response inhibition in a community sample.","volume":"46","author":"van der Plas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200201000-00011","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: fact or artifact?","volume":"41","author":"Geller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230095r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X07001185","article-title":"The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: converging neuroimaging evidence.","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230095r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.003","article-title":"Developmental connectomics from infancy through early childhood.","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"zoi230095r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/neuro.2015.38.issue-1","article-title":"An integrative model of the maturation of cognitive control.","volume":"38","author":"Luna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230095r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2013.07.006","article-title":"Intelligence is differentially related to neural effort in the task-positive and the task-negative brain network.","volume":"41","author":"Basten","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"zoi230095r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.04.009","article-title":"Where smart brains are different: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional and structural brain imaging studies on intelligence.","volume":"51","author":"Basten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230095r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2016.03.008","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms coincide with altered striatal connectivity.","volume":"1","author":"Oldehinkel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230095r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2031-9","article-title":"Hyperactivity\/restlessness is associated with increased functional connectivity in adults with ADHD: a dimensional analysis of resting state fMRI.","volume":"19","author":"S\u00f6r\u00f6s","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230095r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2021.100025","article-title":"Sex differences in attention deficit hyperactivity symptom severity and functional connectivity of the dorsal striatum in young adults.","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroimage Rep"},{"key":"zoi230095r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013","edition":"5th ed"},{"key":"zoi230095r20","author":"Henry","year":"2018"},{"key":"zoi230095r45","volume-title":"Algorithms for Clustering Data","author":"Jain","year":"1988"},{"key":"zoi230095r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","volume-title":"Analysis of Binary Data","author":"Cox","DOI":"10.2307\/2531476"},{"key":"zoi230095r35","unstructured":"Brain-CODE. Accessed February 1, 2023. https:\/\/www.braincode.ca\/"},{"key":"zoi230095r37","unstructured":"Child Mind Institute. Healthy Brain Network. Accessed February 1, 2023. http:\/\/fcon_1000.projects.nitrc.org\/indi\/cmi_healthy_brain_network\/"},{"key":"zoi230095r48","unstructured":"Gao? L. Clusterpval: P-values for differences in means after clustering. Accessed February 1, 2023. https:\/\/www.lucylgao.com\/clusterpval\/"},{"key":"zoi230095r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mooney? MA, Hermosillo? RJM, Feczko? E, . Cumulative effects of resting-state connectivity across all brain networks significantly correlate with ADHD symptoms.? medRxiv. Preprint posted online November 20, 2021. doi:10.1101\/2021.11.16.21266121","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.11.16.21266121"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2802357\/vandewouw_2023_oi_230095_1678113687.23214.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T15:02:10Z","timestamp":1678719730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2802357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.2066","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]]}}}