{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T01:26:02Z","timestamp":1767921962361,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-4\"><jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Few population-based studies in the US collected individual-level data from families during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-5\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine differences in COVID-19 pandemic\u2013related experiences in a large sociodemographically diverse sample of children and caregivers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-6\"><jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) multi-cohort consortium is an ongoing study that brings together 64 individual cohorts with participants (24\u202f757 children and 31\u202f700 caregivers in this study) in all 50 US states and Puerto Rico. Participants who completed the ECHO COVID-19 survey between April 2020 and March 2022 were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Data were analyzed from July 2021 to September 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-7\"><jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposures of interest were caregiver education level, child life stage (infant, preschool, middle childhood, and adolescent), and urban or rural (population &amp;amp;lt;50\u202f000) residence. Dependent variables included COVID-19 infection status and testing; disruptions to school, child care, and health care; financial hardships; and remote work. Outcomes were examined separately in logistic regression models mutually adjusted for exposures of interest and race, ethnicity, US Census division, sex, and survey administration date.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses included 14\u202f646 children (mean [SD] age, 7.1 [4.4] years; 7120 [49%] female) and 13\u202f644 caregivers (mean [SD] age, 37.6 [7.2] years; 13\u202f381 [98%] female). Caregivers were racially (3% Asian; 16% Black; 12% multiple race; 63% White) and ethnically (19% Hispanic) diverse and comparable with the US population. Less than high school education (vs master\u2019s degree or more) was associated with more challenges accessing COVID-19 tests (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.88; 95% CI, 1.06-1.58), lower odds of working remotely (aOR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.03-0.07), and more food access concerns (aOR, 4.14; 95% CI, 3.20-5.36). Compared with other age groups, young children (age 1 to 5 years) were least likely to receive support from schools during school closures, and their caregivers were most likely to have challenges arranging childcare and concerns about work impacts. Rural caregivers were less likely to rank health concerns (aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.69-0.86) and social distancing (aOR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.73-0.91) as top stressors compared with urban caregivers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi230881-9\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings in this cohort study of US families highlighted pandemic-related burdens faced by families with lower socioeconomic status and young children. Populations more vulnerable to public health crises should be prioritized in recovery efforts and future planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.30495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T15:36:30Z","timestamp":1692804990000},"page":"e2330495","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sociodemographic Differences in COVID-19 Pandemic Experiences Among Families in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kaja Z.","family":"LeWinn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trasande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York"},{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School 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