{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:14:00Z","timestamp":1791850440351,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Average gestational weight gain (GWG) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is not known whether this trend has continued.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine patterns of GWG during the COVID-19 pandemic by delivery and conception timing through the second year of the pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This cohort study is a retrospective review of birth certificate and delivery records from 2019 to 2022. Electronic health records were from the largest delivery hospital in Louisiana. Participants included all individuals giving birth from March 2019 to March 2022. Data analysis was performed from October 2022 to July 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Delivery date (cross-sectionally) and conception before the pandemic (March 2019 to March 2020) and during the peak pandemic (March 2020 to March 2021) and late pandemic (March 2021 to March 2022).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was GWG (total GWG and adherence to the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations) analyzed using linear and log-linear regression with control for covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 23\u202f012 total deliveries (8763 Black individuals [38.1%]; 11\u202f774 White individuals [51.2%]; mean [SD] maternal age, 28.9\u2009[5.6] years), 3182 individuals (42.0%) exceeded the recommended weight gain in the year proceeding the pandemic, 3400 (45.4%) exceeded recommendations during the peak pandemic, and 3273 (44.0%) exceeded recommendations in the late pandemic. Compared with those who delivered before the pandemic (reference), participants had higher total GWG if they delivered peak or late pandemic (adjusted \u03b2 [SE], 0.38\u2009[0.12] kg vs 0.19\u2009[0.12] kg; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.007). When cohorts were defined by conception date, participants who conceived before the pandemic but delivered after the pandemic started had higher GWG compared with those whose entire pregnancy occurred before the pandemic (adjusted \u03b2 [SE], 0.51\u2009[0.16] kg). GWG was lower in the pregnancies conceived after the pandemic started and the late pandemic (adjusted \u03b2 [SE], 0.29\u2009[0.12] kg vs 0.003\u2009[0.14] kg; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.003) but these participants began pregnancy at a slightly higher weight. Examining mean GWG month by month suggested a small decrease for March 2020, followed by increased mean GWG for the following year. Individuals with 2 pregnancies (1289 individuals) were less likely to gain weight above the recommended guidelines compared with their prepandemic pregnancy, but this association was attenuated after adjustment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort, individuals with critical time points of their pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic gained more weight compared with the previous year. The increased GWG leveled off as the pandemic progressed but individuals were slightly heavier beginning pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T15:33:45Z","timestamp":1693323225000},"page":"e2331277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Trends in Gestational Weight Gain in Louisiana, March 2019 to March 2022"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Emily W.","family":"Harville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea L.","family":"Kracht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth F.","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woman\u2019s Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Kebbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne M.","family":"Redman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230907r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000739","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics associated with gestational weight gain adequacy.","volume":"125","author":"Deputy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230907r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199801153380302","article-title":"Prepregnancy weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.","volume":"338","author":"Cnattingius","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230907r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801670","article-title":"Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome: a study of 287,213 pregnancies in London.","volume":"25","author":"Sebire","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi230907r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.3635","article-title":"Association of gestational weight gain with maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"317","author":"Goldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230907r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0449","article-title":"Excessive gestational weight gain and long-term maternal cardiovascular risk profile: the Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation.","volume":"31","author":"Hutchins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"9745","key":"zoi230907r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60751-9","article-title":"The association between pregnancy weight gain and birthweight: a within-family comparison.","volume":"376","author":"Ludwig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230907r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.11.027","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years.","volume":"196","author":"Oken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230907r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac011","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of the first year of COVID-19 on obesity risk factors: a pandemic fueling a pandemic?","volume":"6","author":"Daniels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230907r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac088","article-title":"Beyond lockdowns: a systematic review of the impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on dietary pattern, physical activity, body weight, and food security.","volume":"81","author":"Mekanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230907r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265021","article-title":"Risk factors for depression and anxiety in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from meta-analysis.","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230907r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16355","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in postpartum care in the greater Boston area during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"5","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230907r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2022.08.004","article-title":"Parental experiences with changes in maternity care during the Covid-19 pandemic: a mixed-studies systematic review.","volume":"36","author":"Lalor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230907r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e759","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00079-6","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230907r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-007-0177-4","article-title":"Health concerns of women and infants in times of natural disasters: lessons learned from Hurricane Katrina.","volume":"11","author":"Callaghan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"zoi230907r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2022.132","article-title":"The effect of an earthquake experienced during pregnancy on maternal health and birth outcomes.","volume":"17","author":"Amarpoor Mesrkanlou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230907r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20031662","article-title":"Climate change-related environmental exposures and perinatal and maternal health outcomes in the U.S.","volume":"20","author":"Veenema","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230907r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22996","article-title":"Food insecurity, the home food environment, and parent feeding practices in the era of COVID-19.","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"zoi230907r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.106124","article-title":"The association between food insecurity and gestational weight gain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"176","author":"Arzhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230907r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047900","article-title":"Association between the COVID-19 pandemic and the risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study.","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230907r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.30954","article-title":"Analysis of gestational weight gain during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230907r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2022.09.001","article-title":"Weight gain in pregnancy and infant birthweight after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time series analysis.","volume":"117","author":"Nethery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2265-z","article-title":"Interpregnancy change in body mass index and infant outcomes in Texas: a population-based study.","volume":"19","author":"Benjamin","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"zoi230907r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2013.10.12","article-title":"The retrospective chart review: important methodological considerations.","volume":"10","author":"Vassar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Educ Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230907r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwac110","article-title":"Patterned outcomes, unpatterned counterfactuals, and spurious results: perinatal health outcomes following COVID-19.","volume":"191","author":"Gemmill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230907r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.v23.3","article-title":"Weight gain in pregnancy and application of the 2009 IOM guidelines: toward a uniform approach.","volume":"23","author":"Gilmore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230907r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1168","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20200276","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for excess weight gain in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study using survey data.","volume":"9","author":"Benham","year":"2021","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230907r30","first-page":"233","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of unhealthy weight gain in pregnancy.","volume":"115","author":"Lindberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2015.094","article-title":"Factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain: review of current literature.","volume":"5","author":"Samura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Adv Health Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.2001.57.issue-1","article-title":"Akaike\u2019s information criterion in generalized estimating equations.","volume":"57","author":"Pan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"zoi230907r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2018.04.012","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behavior during pregnancy and postpartum, measured using hip and wrist-worn accelerometers.","volume":"10","author":"Hesketh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"zoi230907r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2022.103452","article-title":"Patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior before and during pregnancy and cardiometabolic outcomes.","volume":"114","author":"Wallace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230907r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6373","article-title":"Association of antenatal diet and physical activity-based interventions with gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"182","author":"Teede","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi230907r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3119","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3119","article-title":"Effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials.","volume":"358","author":"International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi230907r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13995","article-title":"Systematic review of counseling and behavioral interventions for healthy weight and weight gain in pregnancy from the US Preventive Services Task Force\u2014reply.","volume":"326","author":"Cantor","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230907r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-064118","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy-related healthcare utilisation: a prospective nationwide registry study.","volume":"12","author":"Baravelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230907r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.11621","article-title":"Use of electronic medical records to estimate changes in pregnancy and birth rates during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"4","author":"Stout","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04724-w","article-title":"Maternity care during COVID-19: a qualitative evidence synthesis of women\u2019s and maternity care providers\u2019 views and experiences.","volume":"22","author":"Flaherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230907r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24273","article-title":"Factors associated with changes in pregnancy intention among women who were mothers of young children in New York City following the COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"4","author":"Kahn","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230907r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-018-2602-2","article-title":"Similarities in maternal weight and birth weight across pregnancies and across sisters.","volume":"23","author":"Luecke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230907r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6552","article-title":"Association between household food environment and excessive gestational weight gain.","volume":"27","author":"Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230907r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018778","article-title":"Interpregnancy weight change and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"Oteng-Ntim","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00979-z","article-title":"Interpregnancy weight gain and childhood obesity: analysis of a UK population-based cohort.","volume":"46","author":"Ziauddeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230907r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa110","article-title":"Gestational weight gain, birthweight and early-childhood obesity: between- and within-family comparisons.","volume":"49","author":"Badon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230907r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(92)90016-J","article-title":"Validity of self-reported pregravid weight.","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230907r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12486","article-title":"The accuracy of self-reported pregnancy-related weight: a systematic review.","volume":"18","author":"Headen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230907r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15003-4","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal mental health, early childhood development, and parental practices: a global scoping review.","volume":"23","author":"Penna","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230907r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.26531","article-title":"Comparison of pregnancy and birth outcomes before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"5","author":"Molina","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"zoi230907r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15872-9_1","volume-title":"An International Perspective on Disasters and Children\u2019s Mental Health","author":"Keren","year":"2019"},{"key":"zoi230907r8","unstructured":"National Archives. Guidelines: opening up America again. Accessed June 25, 2020. https:\/\/trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov\/openingamerica\/"},{"key":"zoi230907r28","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine; National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines. In: Rasmussen? KM, Yaktine? AL, eds. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. The National Academies Press; 2009. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/nap.nationalacademies.org\/catalog\/12584\/weight-gain-during-pregnancy-reexamining-the-guidelines"},{"key":"zoi230907r49","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. American Community Survey 1-year estimates. Census Reporter Profile page for Baton Rouge, LA Metro Area. Accessed March 5, 2022. http:\/\/censusreporter.org\/profiles\/31000US12940-baton-rouge-la-metro-area\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2808866\/harville_2023_oi_230907_1692735422.57805.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T15:33:52Z","timestamp":1693323232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2808866"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}