{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:20:13Z","timestamp":1793956813759,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Birth weight percentiles (BWPs) are often dichotomized at the 10th percentile and show statistically significant association with later cognitive performance, for both preterm and term-born children. However, research testing nonlinear associations between BWPs and cognitive performance is scarce.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To investigate culturally invariant, nonlinear associations of BWPs and gestational age with later cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n In this cohort study, participants with valid neonatal and cognitive data were combined from 4 observational cohorts, including the Millennium Cohort Study, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Child and Young Adult cohort, Growing Up in Ireland, and the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, with children born between 2000 and 2002, 1980 and 2010, 2007 and 2008, and 2003 and 2004, respectively. Neonatal data were parent reported before age 1 year. At approximately 5 years of age, multiple cognitive tests were performed. Follow-up at 5 years of age was the predominant focus. Data were analyzed July 17, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n The parent-reported neonatal data were used to calculate BWPs according to the Fenton growth chart.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome and Measure<\/jats:title>\n \n Scores for IQ were created from multiple measures of cognition, which were\n z<\/jats:italic>\n standardized separately within each cohort.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 30\u202f643 participants (50.8% male), 7.5% were born preterm (before 37 weeks gestation) and 92.5% were term born (between 37 and 42 weeks gestation). In the pooled data using multivariate adaptive regression splines, IQ linearly increased by 4.2 points as BWPs increased from the first to the 69th percentile before completely plateauing. For gestational age, IQ linearly increased by 1.3 points per week up until 32 weeks, with the association reducing to 0.3 points per week after 32 weeks. The association of BWP with IQ was not moderated by gestational age. For term-born infants, the estimated IQ score was only clinically meaningfully lower than average when birth weight was below the third percentile. Consistent results were found when instead using multivariable regression where gestational age and BWPs were categorized into groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cohort study, lower BWPs and gestational age were independently associated with lower IQ. For term-born infants, a cutoff of the third percentile would be more appropriate than the traditionally used 10th percentile when the aim is estimating meaningful cognitive differences.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:59:34Z","timestamp":1693483174000},"page":"e2331815","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Association of Birth Weight Centiles and Gestational Age With Cognitive Performance at Age 5 Years"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Eves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lifespan Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Warwick, Warwick, England, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Wolke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Lifespan Health and Wellbeing Group, University of Warwick, Warwick, England, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Spiegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinderklinik, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Deutschland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakari","family":"Lemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakult\u00e4t f\u00fcr Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01078-9","article-title":"Intelligence, health and death.","volume":"5","author":"Deary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"zoi230923r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2018.10.002","article-title":"Low IQ as a predictor of unsuccessful educational and occupational achievement: a register-based study of 1,098,742 men in Denmark 1968\u20132016.","volume":"71","author":"Hegelund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230923r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1097","article-title":"Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"174","author":"Sacchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi230923r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1111\/bjo.v127.13","article-title":"Small for gestational age-cognitive performance from infancy to adulthood: an observational study.","volume":"127","author":"Eves","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70014-7","article-title":"Born too small or too soon.","volume":"1","author":"Kramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.2010.99.issue-4","article-title":"Optimal birth weight percentile cut-offs in defining small- or large-for-gestational-age.","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230923r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1058","article-title":"Association of very preterm birth or very low birth weight with intelligence in adulthood: an individual participant data meta-analysis.","volume":"175","author":"Eves","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi230923r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.574","article-title":"What birthweight percentile is associated with optimal perinatal mortality and childhood education outcomes?","volume":"218","author":"McEwen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230923r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e894","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2412","article-title":"Intrauterine growth and intelligence within sibling pairs: findings from the Aberdeen children of the 1950s cohort.","volume":"117","author":"Lawlor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001152","article-title":"Cause-specific infant mortality in a population-based Swedish study of term and post-term births: the contribution of gestational age and birth weight.","volume":"2","author":"Altman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.v61.4","article-title":"Birth-weight centile at term and school performance at 12 years of age: linked cohort study.","volume":"61","author":"Burger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp413","article-title":"Variation in child cognitive ability by week of gestation among healthy term births.","volume":"171","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230923r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogrm.2011.02.004","article-title":"Long-term neurocognitive outcomes of SGA\/IUGR infants.","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynaecol Reprod Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230923r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.004","article-title":"Distinguishing pathological from constitutional small for gestational age births in population-based studies.","volume":"85","author":"Ananth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230923r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu001","article-title":"Cohort profile: UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS).","volume":"43","author":"Connelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy133","article-title":"Cohort profile: the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79).","volume":"48","author":"Rothstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230923r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-021-01419-x","article-title":"On imbalance of impulse control and sensation seeking and adolescent risk: an intra-individual developmental test of the dual systems and maturational imbalance models.","volume":"50","author":"Meeus","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230923r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.195917","article-title":"What role for the home learning environment and parenting in reducing the socioeconomic gradient in child development? findings from the Millennium Cohort Study.","volume":"96","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.162","article-title":"The association between weight perception and BMI: report and measurement data from the Growing Up in Ireland cohort study of 9-year olds.","volume":"41","author":"Shiely","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230923r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101476","article-title":"Risk factors for low receptive vocabulary abilities in the preschool and early school years in the longitudinal study of Australian children.","volume":"9","author":"Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230923r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi029","article-title":"Factors affecting a mother\u2019s recall of her baby\u2019s birth weight.","volume":"34","author":"Tate","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi230923r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.03.007","article-title":"Accurate reporting of expected delivery date by mothers 9 months after birth.","volume":"64","author":"Poulsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants.","volume":"13","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16204","article-title":"PediTools electronic growth chart calculators: applications in clinical care, research, and quality improvement.","volume":"22","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230923r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-017-0554-6","article-title":"Children\u2019s development and parental input: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study.","volume":"54","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Alava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"95","key":"zoi230923r34","first-page":"5","article-title":"Growing Up in Australia: the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: entering adolescence and becoming a young adult.","author":"Edwards","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam Matters"},{"key":"zoi230923r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10691898.2011.11889620","article-title":"Key results of interaction models with centering.","author":"Afshartous","journal-title":"J Stat Educ"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"zoi230923r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3758(99)00041-5","article-title":"Resampling-based false discovery rate controlling multiple test procedures for correlated test statistics.","volume":"82","author":"Yekutieli","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Stat Plan Inference"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230923r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","article-title":"mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R.","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"7217","key":"zoi230923r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7217.1093","article-title":"Prediction of survival for preterm births by weight and gestational age: retrospective population based study.","volume":"319","author":"Draper","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230923r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.v35.3","article-title":"Common core assessments in follow-up studies of adults born preterm: recommendation of the Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration.","volume":"35","author":"Kajantie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230923r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.02.065","article-title":"Universal gestational age effects on cognitive and basic mathematic processing: 2 cohorts in 2 countries.","volume":"166","author":"Wolke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5323","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes of children born extremely or very preterm since the 1990s and associated risk factors: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.","volume":"172","author":"Twilhaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi230923r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072779","article-title":"Gestational age at birth and cognitive outcomes in adolescence: population based full sibling cohort study.","volume":"380","author":"Husby","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi230923r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01954744","article-title":"The cognitive outcome of very preterm infants may be poorer than often reported: an empirical investigation of how methodological issues make a big difference.","volume":"153","author":"Wolke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230923r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13435","article-title":"Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review.","volume":"122","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230923r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.11.014","article-title":"Perinatal complications and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome of infants with intrauterine growth restriction.","volume":"208","author":"von Beckerath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230923r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.111955","article-title":"Are dietary patterns in childhood associated with IQ at 8 years of age? a population-based cohort study.","volume":"66","author":"Northstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230923r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313414","article-title":"Cognitive trajectories from infancy to early adulthood following birth before 26 weeks of gestation: a prospective, population-based cohort study.","volume":"103","author":"Linsell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"zoi230923r21","volume-title":"Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children: Development from Birth to Three Years Infant Cohort","author":"Williams","year":"2013"},{"key":"zoi230923r32","volume-title":"BAS II: British Ability Scales","author":"Elliott","year":"1996","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"zoi230923r35","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Practitioner\u2019s Guide to Assessing Intelligence and Achievement","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2009"},{"key":"zoi230923r36","volume-title":"Peabody Individual Achievement Test","author":"Dunn","year":"1970"},{"key":"zoi230923r37","volume-title":"Examiner\u2019s Manual for the PPVT-III Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Form IIIA and Form IIIB","author":"Dunn","year":"1997"},{"key":"zoi230923r38","volume-title":"Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test\u2013Revised","author":"Dunn","year":"1981"},{"key":"zoi230923r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"zoi230923r16","unstructured":"Millennium Cohort Study: Age 5, Sweep 3, 2006. UK Data Service. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/beta.ukdataservice.ac.uk\/datacatalogue\/doi\/?id=5795#"},{"key":"zoi230923r17","unstructured":"Soloff? C, Lawrence? D, Johnstone? R. The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children: an Australian government initiative sample design contents. Australian Institute of Family Studies. May 2005. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268209432_The_Longitudinal_Study_of_Australian_Children_an_Australian_Government_initiative_Sample_design_Contents?channel=doi&linkId=5464155f0cf2c0c6aec4fcb3&showFulltext=true"},{"key":"zoi230923r18","unstructured":"Growing Up in Australia: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), release 9.0 C2 (waves 1-9C).Australian Institute of Family Studies. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/dataverse.ada.edu.au\/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.26193\/QR4L6Q"},{"key":"zoi230923r20","unstructured":"NLSY79 Child and Young Adult cohort. US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/www.bls.gov\/nls\/nlsy79-children.htm"},{"key":"zoi230923r22","unstructured":"Murray? A, McNamara? E, Williams? J, Smyth? E. Growing Up in Ireland: the lives of 5-year-olds: report 9. Minister for Children and Youth Affairs. Accessed July 31, 2023. https:\/\/www.growingup.gov.ie\/pubs\/Growing-Up-in-Ireland-The-Lives-of-5-Year-Olds.pdf"},{"key":"zoi230923r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooksey? EC. Using the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth (NLSY) to conduct life course analyses. In: Halfon? N, Forrest? CB, Lerner? RM, Faustman? EM, eds. Handbook of Life Course Health Development. Springer; 2018. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK543729\/","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47143-3_23"},{"key":"zoi230923r40","unstructured":"Milborrow? S. Notes on the earth package. University College London. January 28, 2014. Accessed July 31, 2023. http:\/\/mtweb.cs.ucl.ac.uk\/mus\/lib\/R\/earth\/doc\/earth-notes.pdf"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2808936\/eves_2023_oi_230923_1692815100.67157.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T11:59:43Z","timestamp":1693483183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2808936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}