{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T07:08:06Z","timestamp":1783667286198,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>The local environment remains an understudied contributor to elevated blood pressure among older adults. Untargeted approaches can identify neighborhood conditions interrelated with racial segregation that drive hypertension disparities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To evaluate independent associations of sociodemographic, economic, and housing neighborhood factors with elevated blood pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>In this cohort study, the sample included Health and Retirement Study participants who had between 1 and 3 sets of biennial sphygmomanometer readings from 2006 to 2014 or 2008 to 2016. Statistical analyses were conducted from February 5 to November 30, 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Fifty-one standardized American Community Survey census tract variables (2005-2009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Elevated sphygmomanometer readings over the study period (6-year period prevalence): a value of at least 140 mm Hg for systolic blood pressure and\/or at least 90 mm Hg for diastolic blood pressure. Participants were divided 50:50 into training and test data sets. Generalized estimating equations were used to summarize multivariable associations between each neighborhood variable and the period prevalence of elevated blood pressure, adjusting for individual-level covariates. Any neighborhood factor associated (Simes-adjusted for multiple comparisons P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u2009.05) with elevated blood pressure in the training data set was rerun in the test data set to gauge model performance. Lastly, in the full cohort, race- and ethnicity-stratified associations were evaluated for each identified neighborhood factor on the likelihood of elevated blood pressure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 12\u202f946 participants, 4565 (35%) had elevated sphygmomanometer readings (median [IQR] age, 68 [63-73] years; 2283 [50%] male; 228 [5%] Hispanic or Latino, 502 [11%] non-Hispanic Black, and 3761 [82%] non-Hispanic White). Between 2006 and 2016, a lower likelihood of elevated blood pressure was observed (relative risk for highest vs lowest tertile, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86-0.96) among participants residing in a neighborhood with recent (post-1999) in-migration of homeowners. This association was precise among participants with non-Hispanic White and other race and ethnicity (relative risk, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97) but not non-Hispanic Black participants (relative risk, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.85-1.11; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.48 for interaction) or Hispanic or Latino participants (relative risk, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.65-1.09; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.78 for interaction).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study of older adults, recent relocation of homeowners to a neighborhood was robustly associated with reduced likelihood of elevated blood pressure among White participants but not their racially and ethnically marginalized counterparts. Our findings indicate that gentrification may influence later-life blood pressure control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.35534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T15:32:25Z","timestamp":1695655945000},"page":"e2335534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neighborhood Characteristics and Elevated Blood Pressure in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kendra D.","family":"Sims","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary D.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perry W.","family":"Hystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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