{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:07:01Z","timestamp":1789596421134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Racial and ethnic disparities in prostate cancer are poorly understood. A given disparity-related factor may affect outcomes differently at each point along the highly variable trajectory of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To examine clinical outcomes by race and ethnicity in patients with nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC) within the US Veterans Health Administration.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective, observational cohort study using electronic health care records (January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2021) in a nationwide equal-access health care system was conducted. Mean (SD) follow-up time was 4.3 (3.3) years. Patients included in the analysis were diagnosed with prostate cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 30, 2020, that progressed to nmCRPC defined by (1) increasing prostate-specific antigen levels, (2) ongoing androgen deprivation, and (3) no evidence of metastatic disease. Patients with metastatic disease or death within the landmark period (3 months after the first nmCRPC evidence) were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was time from the landmark period to death or metastasis; the secondary outcome was overall survival. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, Kaplan-Meier estimates, and adjusted survival curves were used to evaluate outcome differences by race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 12\u202f992 patients in the cohort, 826 patients identified as Hispanic (6%), 3671 as non-Hispanic Black (28%; henceforth Black), 7323 as non-Hispanic White (56%; henceforth White), and 1172 of other race and ethnicity (9%; henceforth other, including American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, unknown by patient, and patient declined to answer). Median time elapsed from nmCRPC to metastasis or death was 5.96 (95% CI, 5.58-6.34) years for Black patients, 5.62 (95% CI, 5.11-6.67) years for Hispanic patients, 4.11 (95% CI, 3.96\u20134.25) years for White patients, and 3.59 (95% CI, 3.23-3.97) years for other patients. Median unadjusted overall survival was 6.26 (95% CI, 6.03-6.46) years among all patients, 8.36 (95% CI, 8.0-8.8) years for Black patients, 8.56 (95% CI, 7.3-9.7) years for Hispanic patients, 5.48 (95% CI, 5.2-5.7) years for White patients, and 4.48 (95% CI, 4.1-5.0) years for other patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this cohort study of patients with nmCRPC suggest that differences in outcomes by race and ethnicity exist; in addition, Black and Hispanic men may have considerably improved outcomes when treated in an equal-access setting.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.37272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T11:02:20Z","timestamp":1697022140000},"page":"e2337272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Survival Outcomes by Race and Ethnicity in Veterans With Nonmetastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kelli M.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Health Administration, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Health Administration, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Health Administration, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Health Administration, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreevalsa","family":"Appukkuttan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer US LLC, Whippany, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie Partridge","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer US LLC, Whippany, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Jhaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer US LLC, Whippany, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad S.","family":"Halwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City"},{"name":"George E. Wahlen Veterans Health Administration, Salt Lake City, Utah"},{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"zoi231092r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138511","article-title":"Racism as a determinant of health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Paradies","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2018.0086","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities in mortality across the Veterans Health Administration.","volume":"3","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304246","article-title":"Mortality disparities in racial\/ethnic minority groups in the Veterans Health Administration: an evidence review and map.","volume":"108","author":"Peterson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi231092r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.33205","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities among participants in precision oncology clinical studies.","volume":"4","author":"Aldrighetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.v72.1","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022.","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi231092r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0826","article-title":"Association of Black race with prostate cancer\u2013specific and other-cause mortality.","volume":"5","author":"Dess","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi231092r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v127.9","article-title":"Racial disparities in mortality for patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy.","volume":"127","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.v72.3","article-title":"Cancer statistics for African American\/Black people 2022.","volume":"72","author":"Giaquinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"41","key":"zoi231092r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6941a1","article-title":"Prostate cancer incidence and survival, by stage and race\/ethnicity\u2014United States, 2001-2017.","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi231092r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.0302","article-title":"African American men with very low-risk prostate cancer exhibit adverse oncologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy: should active surveillance still be an option for them?","volume":"31","author":"Sundi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21245-w","article-title":"Plasma cells are enriched in localized prostate cancer in Black men and are associated with improved outcomes.","volume":"12","author":"Weiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01096-w","article-title":"Genome-wide interrogation of structural variation reveals novel African-specific prostate cancer oncogenic drivers.","volume":"14","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"zoi231092r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-1146","article-title":"How cancer risk SNPs may contribute to prostate cancer disparities.","volume":"81","author":"Mavura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi231092r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-017-0724-5","article-title":"African-American prostate cancer disparities.","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Urol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2016.08.002","article-title":"Prostate cancer genetics: variation by race, ethnicity, and geography.","volume":"27","author":"Rebbeck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.2741\/4493","article-title":"Molecular basis for prostate cancer racial disparities.","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2741\/s479","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and prostate cancer racial disparities among American men.","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Schol Ed)"},{"key":"zoi231092r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103426","article-title":"Immunologic disparities in prostate cancer between American men of African and European descent.","volume":"164","author":"Abraham-Miranda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231092r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.2741\/4515","article-title":"Racial disparities in prostate cancer: a molecular perspective.","volume":"22","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0897-4","article-title":"Racial differences in prostate cancer: does timing of puberty play a role?","volume":"123","author":"Hur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231092r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-019-01159-1","article-title":"Placing prostate cancer disparities within a psychosocial context: challenges and opportunities for future research.","volume":"30","author":"Cuevas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231092r24","first-page":"1288","article-title":"NCCN guidelines insights: prostate cancer, version 1.2023.","volume":"20","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi231092r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66452-X","article-title":"Defining prostate specific antigen progression after radical prostatectomy: what is the most appropriate cut point?","volume":"165","author":"Amling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1997.15.1.230","article-title":"Increasing prostate-specific antigen profile following definitive radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer: clinical observations.","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000248","article-title":"The promise of prevention: the effects of four preventable risk factors on national life expectancy and life expectancy disparities by race and county in the United States.","volume":"7","author":"Danaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1, pt 2","key":"zoi231092r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01308.x","article-title":"Nonfinancial barriers and access to care for U.S. adults.","volume":"47","author":"Kullgren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2013.01.003","article-title":"Do racial disparities exist in the use of prostate cancer screening and detection tools in veterans?","volume":"32","author":"Hudson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.44027","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in prostate cancer outcomes in the Veterans Affairs health care system.","volume":"5","author":"Yamoah","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi231092r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v127.21","article-title":"Interaction between race and prostate cancer treatment benefit in the Veterans Health Administration.","volume":"127","author":"Rude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi231092r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32666","article-title":"Survival of African American and non-Hispanic White men with prostate cancer in an equal-access health care system.","volume":"126","author":"Riviere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v127.3","article-title":"Outcomes of Black men with prostate cancer treated with radiation therapy in the Veterans Health Administration.","volume":"127","author":"McKay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi231092r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2014.51","article-title":"Racial parity in tumor burden, treatment choice and survival outcomes in men with prostate cancer in the VA healthcare system.","volume":"18","author":"Daskivich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi231092r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.10.1706","article-title":"Determinants of mortality following a diagnosis of prostate cancer in Veterans Affairs and private sector health care systems.","volume":"93","author":"Freeman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231092r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.08.012","article-title":"\u201cRace\u201d and prostate cancer mortality in equal-access healthcare systems.","volume":"126","author":"Graham-Steed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"zoi231092r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800536","article-title":"Enzalutamide in men with nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"378","author":"Hussain","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"zoi231092r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2003892","article-title":"Enzalutamide and survival in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"382","author":"Sternberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"zoi231092r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715546","article-title":"Apalutamide treatment and metastasis-free survival in prostate cancer.","volume":"378","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.08.011","article-title":"Apalutamide and overall survival in prostate cancer.","volume":"79","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi231092r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1815671","article-title":"Darolutamide in nonmetastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"380","author":"Fizazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"zoi231092r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5514","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.5514","article-title":"Overall survival results of phase III ARAMIS study of darolutamide added to ADT for nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"38","author":"Fizazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"zoi231092r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7253","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR","article-title":"Treatment of non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: focus on apalutamide.","volume":"11","author":"Gul","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2019.09.027","article-title":"Real-world practice patterns in veterans with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"38","author":"Halwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi231092r46","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Castration-resistant prostate cancer\u2014not only challenging to treat, but difficult to define.","volume":"39","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fed Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi231092r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2018.07.090","article-title":"Castration-resistant prostate cancer: AUA guideline amendment 2018.","volume":"200","author":"Lowrance","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231092r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.64.2702","article-title":"Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3.","volume":"34","author":"Scher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi231092r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.08.0572","article-title":"Death in patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: prostate-specific antigen doubling time subgroups and their associated contributions to all-cause mortality.","volume":"25","author":"Freedland","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","article-title":"missForest\u2013non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data.","volume":"28","author":"Stekhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231092r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-020-0213-7","article-title":"Survival of African-American and Caucasian men after sipuleucel-T immunotherapy: outcomes from the PROCEED registry.","volume":"23","author":"Sartor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi231092r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/21681805.2020.1739139","article-title":"Survival in patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a population-based observational study in Sweden.","volume":"54","author":"Aly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Urol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01042-7","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes for patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"11","author":"Arnold","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi231092r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.05.003","article-title":"Shifting paradigms in the estimation of survival for castration-resistant prostate cancer: a tertiary academic center experience.","volume":"33","author":"Afshar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231092r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.v3.5","article-title":"Patterns of care for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a population-based study.","volume":"3","author":"Malone","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09364-z","article-title":"Real-world burden of adverse events for apalutamide- or enzalutamide-treated non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients in the United States.","volume":"22","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"zoi231092r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2022.02.024","article-title":"Real-world prostate-specific antigen response and treatment adherence of apalutamide in patients with non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"166","author":"Lowentritt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"32","key":"zoi231092r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2022-0791","article-title":"Early prostate-specific antigen response among Black and non-Black patients with advanced prostate cancer treated with apalutamide.","volume":"18","author":"Bivins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231092r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2013.40","article-title":"The effect of the frequency and duration of PSA measurement on PSA doubling time calculations in men with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer.","volume":"17","author":"Paller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"zoi231092r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.v128.21","article-title":"Racial disparities in Black men with prostate cancer: a literature review.","volume":"128","author":"Lillard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi231092r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1296","article-title":"Androgen deprivation therapy: progress in understanding mechanisms of resistance and optimizing androgen depletion.","volume":"6","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Urol"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi231092r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.2005.96.issue-7","article-title":"A retrospective study of the time to clinical endpoints for advanced prostate cancer.","volume":"96","author":"Sharifi","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi231092r65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2014.04.007","article-title":"Survival and clinical metastases among prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy in Sweden.","volume":"38","author":"Banefelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231092r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000157569.59229.72","article-title":"Surrogate end point for prostate cancer specific mortality in patients with nonmetastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer.","volume":"173","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi231092r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2014.03.024","article-title":"Elevated alkaline phosphatase velocity strongly predicts overall survival and the risk of bone metastases in castrate-resistant prostate cancer.","volume":"32","author":"Metwalli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"zoi231092r1","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","year":"2003"},{"key":"zoi231092r4","volume-title":"Improving Cultural Competence to Reduce Health Disparities","author":"Butler","year":"2016"},{"key":"zoi231092r29","unstructured":"Hayes? P. Diversity, equity, inclusion\u2014VA goals. US Dept of Veterans Affairs. July 22, 2021. Accessed March 23, 2023. https:\/\/news.va.gov\/92022\/diversity-equity-inclusion-va-goals\/"},{"key":"zoi231092r51","unstructured":"Adjusted survival curves for Cox proportional hazards model. Accessed March 23, 2023. https:\/\/search.r-project.org\/CRAN\/refmans\/survminer\/html\/ggadjustedcurves.html"},{"key":"zoi231092r52","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2022. Accessed March 23, 2023. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2810483\/rasmussen_2023_oi_231092_1698075125.6281.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T12:25:58Z","timestamp":1698841558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2810483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.37272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]}}}