{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:52:19Z","timestamp":1793242339481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Maternal diabetes and overweight or obesity are known to be associated with increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in offspring, but there are no large studies analyzing outcomes associated with these factors in 1 model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To investigate the association of maternal diabetes and overweight or obesity with CHDs among offspring in 1 model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This nationwide, population-based register study was conducted in a birth cohort from Finland consisting of all children born between 2006 and 2016 (620\u202f751 individuals) and their mothers. Data were analyzed from January 2022 until November 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposures<\/jats:title>Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), categorized as underweight (&amp;lt;18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obesity (\u226530), was assessed. Maternal diabetes status, classified as no diabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 or other diabetes, and gestational diabetes, was assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Odds ratios (ORs) of isolated CHDs in children were found. In addition, 9 anatomical CHD subgroups were studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 620\u202f751 children (316\u202f802 males [51.0%]; 573\u202f259 mothers aged 20-40 years [92.3%]) born in Finland during the study period, 10\u202f254 children (1.7%) had an isolated CHD. Maternal T1D was associated with increased odds of having a child with any CHD (OR, 3.77 [95% CI, 3.26-4.36]) and 6 of 9 CHD subgroups (OR range, 3.28 [95% CI, 1.55-6.95] for other septal defects to 7.39 [95% CI, 3.00-18.21] for transposition of great arteries) compared with no maternal diabetes. Maternal overweight was associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (OR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.10-1.49]) and ventricular septal defects (OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.86-0.98]), and obesity was associated with complex defects (OR, 2.70 [95% CI, 1.14-6.43]) and right outflow tract obstruction (OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.09-1.58]) compared with normal maternal BMI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>This study found that maternal T1D was associated with increased risk for most types of CHD in offspring, while obesity and overweight were associated with increased risk for complex defects and outflow tract obstruction and decreased risk for ventricular septal defects. These different risk profiles of T1D and overweight and obesity may suggest distinct underlying teratogenic mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.50579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T16:30:54Z","timestamp":1704472254000},"page":"e2350579","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Maternal Diabetes and Overweight and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Riitta","family":"Turunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Research Center, New Children\u2019s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pulakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for 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