{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T01:53:08Z","timestamp":1792979588996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Questions have emerged as to whether standard intranasal naloxone dosing recommendations (ie, 1 dose with readministration every 2-3 minutes if needed) are adequate in the era of illicitly manufactured fentanyl and its derivatives (hereinafter, fentanyl).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To compare naloxone plasma concentrations between different intranasal naloxone repeat dosing strategies and to estimate their effect on fentanyl overdose.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This unblinded crossover randomized clinical trial was conducted with healthy participants in a clinical pharmacology unit (Spaulding Clinical Research, West Bend, Wisconsin) in March 2021. Inclusion criteria included age 18 to 55 years, nonsmoking status, and negative test results for the presence of alcohol or drugs of abuse. Data analysis was performed from October 2021 to May 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Intervention<\/jats:title>Naloxone administered as 1 dose (4 mg\/0.1 mL) at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 minutes (test), 2 doses at 0 and 2.5 minutes (test), and 1 dose at 0 and 2.5 minutes (reference).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was the first prespecified time with higher naloxone plasma concentration. The secondary outcome was estimated brain hypoxia time following simulated fentanyl overdoses using a physiologic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. Naloxone concentrations were compared using paired tests at 3 prespecified times across the 3 groups, and simulation results were summarized using descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>This study included 21 participants, and 18 (86%) completed the trial. The median participant age was 34 years (IQR, 27-50 years), and slightly more than half of participants were men (11 [52%]). Compared with 1 naloxone dose at 0 and 2.5 minutes, 1 dose at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 minutes significantly increased naloxone plasma concentration at 10 minutes (7.95 vs 4.42 ng\/mL; geometric mean ratio, 1.95 [1-sided 97.8% CI, 1.28-\u221e]), whereas 2 doses at 0 and 2.5 minutes significantly increased the plasma concentration at 4.5 minutes (2.24 vs 1.23 ng\/mL; geometric mean ratio, 1.98 [1-sided 97.8% CI, 1.03-\u221e]). No drug-related serious adverse events were reported. The median brain hypoxia time after a simulated fentanyl 2.97-mg intravenous bolus was 4.5 minutes (IQR, 2.1-\u221e minutes) with 1 naloxone dose at 0 and 2.5 minutes, 4.5 minutes (IQR, 2.1-\u221e minutes) with 1 naloxone dose at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 minutes, and 3.7 minutes (IQR, 1.5-\u221e minutes) with 2 naloxone doses at 0 and 2.5 minutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this clinical trial with healthy participants, compared with 1 intranasal naloxone dose administered at 0 and 2.5 minutes, 1 dose at 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 minutes significantly increased naloxone plasma concentration at 10 minutes, whereas 2 doses at 0 and 2.5 minutes significantly increased naloxone plasma concentration at 4.5 minutes. Additional research is needed to determine optimal naloxone dosing in the community setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04764630<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.51839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T16:02:09Z","timestamp":1706025729000},"page":"e2351839","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Intranasal Naloxone Repeat Dosing Strategies and Fentanyl Overdose"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Strauss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anik","family":"Chaturbedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Chakravartula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Samieegohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikanth C.","family":"Nallani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuropsychiatric Pharmacology, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"},{"name":"Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aanchal","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland"},{"name":"Booz Allen Hamilton, McLean, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Burkhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office 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