{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T05:09:15Z","timestamp":1791090555210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Prehypertension increases the risk of developing hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Early and effective intervention for patients with prehypertension is highly important.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess the efficacy of Tai Chi vs aerobic exercise in patients with prehypertension.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This prospective, single-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted between July 25, 2019, and January 24, 2022, at 2 tertiary public hospitals in China. Participants included 342 adults aged 18 to 65 years with prehypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 120 to 139\u2009mm Hg and\/or diastolic BP (DBP) of 80 to 89\u2009mm Hg.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Participants were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to a Tai Chi group (n\u2009=\u2009173) or an aerobic exercise group (n\u2009=\u2009169). Both groups performed four 60-minute supervised sessions per week for 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was SBP at 12 months obtained in the office setting. Secondary outcomes included SBP at 6 months and DBP at 6 and 12 months obtained in the office setting and 24-hour ambulatory BP at 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 1189 patients screened, 342 (mean [SD] age, 49.3 [11.9] years; 166 men [48.5%] and 176 women [51.5%]) were randomized to 1 of 2 intervention groups: 173 to Tai Chi and 169 to aerobic exercise. At 12 months, the change in office SBP was significantly different between groups by \u22122.40 (95% CI, \u22124.39 to \u22120.41) mm Hg (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.02), with a mean (SD) change of \u22127.01 (10.12) mm Hg in the Tai Chi group vs \u22124.61 (8.47) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise group. The analysis of office SBP at 6 months yielded similar results (\u22122.31 [95% CI, \u22123.94 to \u22120.67] mm Hg;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.006). Additionally, 24-hour ambulatory SBP (\u22122.16 [95% CI, \u22123.84 to \u22120.47] mm Hg;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.01) and nighttime ambulatory SBP (\u22124.08 [95% CI, \u22126.59 to \u22121.57] mm Hg;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002) were significantly reduced in the Tai Chi group compared with the aerobic exercise group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this study including patients with prehypertension, a 12-month Tai Chi intervention was more effective than aerobic exercise in reducing SBP. These findings suggest that Tai Chi may help promote the prevention of cardiovascular disease in populations with prehypertension.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n \n Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier:\n ChiCTR1900024368<\/jats:ext-link>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T11:31:52Z","timestamp":1707478312000},"page":"e2354937","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Effect of Tai Chi vs Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure in Patients With Prehypertension"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xinye","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"},{"name":"Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Research Center of the Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingjiang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vasculocardiology Department, Fuzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiandu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"},{"name":"Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"YongDingLu Community Health Care Center, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, BaiLi Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinic, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengjie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department of Beijing Gulou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department of Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eryu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guang\u2019anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"zoi231609r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2","article-title":"Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.","volume":"42","author":"Chobanian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi231609r2","first-page":"1780","article-title":"Prevalence and control of hypertension in adults in China, 2018.","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231609r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.17","article-title":"Prehypertension\u2014prevalence, health risks, and management strategies.","volume":"12","author":"Egan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231609r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002191","article-title":"Prehypertension and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of 47 cohort studies.","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi231609r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.056","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular risk associated with stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC\/AHA hypertension guideline.","volume":"72","author":"Qi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi231609r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BC07","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2014\/8023.4277","article-title":"Impact of prehypertension on left ventricular structure, function and geometry.","volume":"8","author":"Bajpai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi231609r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3109\/08037051.2012.716580","article-title":"Vascular inflammation and aortic stiffness relate to early left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in prehypertension.","volume":"22","author":"Celik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Press"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi231609r8","first-page":"757","article-title":"The relationship between serum total bilirubin and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with prehypertension.","volume":"48","author":"Lyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi231609r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.2019.21.issue-7","article-title":"The effectiveness of aerobic exercise for hypertensive population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"zoi231609r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2018.08.009","article-title":"Tai Chi exercise is more effective than brisk walking in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults with hypertension: a randomised controlled trial.","volume":"88","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231609r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64365-x","article-title":"Different exercise training modalities produce similar endothelial function improvements in individuals with prehypertension or hypertension: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"10","author":"Pedralli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi231609r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.7326\/L19-0447","article-title":"Hypertension.","volume":"171","author":"Foldes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231609r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14533","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of drug treatment for Chinese Patients with stage I hypertension according to the 2017 hypertension clinical practice guidelines.","volume":"76","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi231609r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185649","article-title":"Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.","volume":"116","author":"Haskell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi231609r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.3915","article-title":"Effectiveness of a therapeutic Tai Ji Quan intervention vs a multimodal exercise intervention to prevent falls among older adults at high risk of falling: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"178","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231609r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000099242.10669.F7","article-title":"The effect of Tai Chi Chuan on the autonomic nervous modulation in older persons.","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi231609r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrtlng.2018.04.007","article-title":"The impact of group-based Tai chi on health-status outcomes among community-dwelling older adults with hypertension.","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart Lung"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi231609r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.07.012","article-title":"Community-based mind-body meditative Tai Chi program and its effects on improvement of blood pressure, weight, renal function, serum lipoprotein, and quality of life in Chinese adults with hypertension.","volume":"116","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi231609r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1089\/107555303322524599","article-title":"The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"9","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231609r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06840-6","article-title":"Effect of Tai Chi versus aerobic exercise on blood pressure in prehypertension patients (TCOBPP): a study protocol for a 12-month single-blind randomized controlled trial.","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231609r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","article-title":"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited.","volume":"37","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi231609r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2020.03.007","article-title":"Tai Ji Quan as antihypertensive lifestyle therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi231609r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2307\/2530245","article-title":"A multiple testing procedure for clinical trials.","volume":"35","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi231609r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.05.005","article-title":"What do we really know about the safety of Tai Chi? a systematic review of adverse event reports in randomized trials.","volume":"95","author":"Wayne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"zoi231609r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.827645","article-title":"A call to use the multicomponent exercise Tai Chi to improve recovery from COVID-19 and long COVID.","volume":"10","author":"Castro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"zoi231609r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2897664","article-title":"The effect of traditional Chinese exercises on blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"2023","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi231609r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-022-00211-8","article-title":"Are home-based exercises effective to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive adults? a systematic review.","volume":"28","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"zoi231609r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1051581","article-title":"Short-term efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions for global population with elevated blood pressure: a network meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"zoi231609r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4094325","article-title":"Tai Chi as a therapy of traditional Chinese medicine on reducing blood pressure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"2021","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi231609r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.21.13394-8","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of Tai Chi on blood pressure of patients with essential hypertension: a randomized controlled study.","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"zoi231609r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.931414","article-title":"Association between blood pressure control and arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese patients with hypertension.","volume":"27","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi231609r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.5603\/KP.a2013.0087","article-title":"Blood pressure load in adults with treated hypertension.","volume":"71","author":"Kluk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kardiol Pol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi231609r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65503-7","article-title":"Blood pressure load\u2014a better determinant of hypertension.","volume":"63","author":"Zachariah","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2814872\/li_2024_oi_231609_1706809721.95026.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T11:31:58Z","timestamp":1707478318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2814872"}},"subtitle":["A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.54937","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]}}}