{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:16:28Z","timestamp":1791508588905,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Gout disparities among Black individuals in the US have recently been explained by socioclinical factors; however, no information is available among Asian individuals living in Western countries, despite their disproportionately worsening metabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the prevalence of gout and serum urate concentrations according to race and ethnicity and to explore the association of social determinants of health and clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This is a population-based, cross-sectional analysis. Data from a nationally representative sample of US adults were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2011-2018) in which Asian race data were collected (primary). Data from the UK Biobank (2006-2021) were used for replication of the Asian vs White differences. Data analysis was performed from December 2021 to September 2022.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Race-specific gout prevalence and serum urate levels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 22\u202f621 participants from NHANES (2011-2018) were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 49.8 [17.8] years; 10\u202f948 male participants [48.4%]). In 2017 to 2018, gout affected 12.1 million US individuals, with its crude prevalence increasing from 3.6% (95% CI, 2.8%-4.5%) in 2011 to 2012 to 5.1% (95% CI, 4.2%-5.9%) in 2017 to 2018 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n for trend\u2009=\u2009.03); this trend was no longer significant after age adjustment (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n for trend\u2009=\u2009.06) or excluding Asian individuals (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n for trend\u2009=\u2009.11). During the same period, age- and sex-adjusted prevalence among Asian Americans doubled from 3.3% (95% CI, 2.1%-4.5%) to 6.6% (95% CI, 4.4%-8.8%) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n for trend\u2009=\u2009.007) to numerically exceed all other racial and ethnic groups in 2017 to 2018, with age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio (ORs) of 1.61 (95% CI, 1.03-2.51) and a socioclinical factor\u2013adjusted multivariable OR of 2.62 (95% CI, 1.59-4.33) for Asian vs White individuals. The latest age- and sex-adjusted gout prevalence among US individuals aged 65 years and older was 10.0% among White individuals and 14.8% among Asian individuals (including 23.6% of Asian men). Serum urate concentrations also increased between 2011 and 2018 among US Asian individuals (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n for trend\u2009=\u2009.009). The Asian vs White disparity was also present in the UK Biobank.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n The findings of this study suggest that the prevalence of gout among Asian individuals numerically surpassed that for all other racial and ethnic groups in 2017 to 2018. This Asian vs White disparity did not appear to be associated with socioclinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T12:54:42Z","timestamp":1682081682000},"page":"e239501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":118,"title":["Trends in Prevalence of Gout Among US Asian Adults, 2011-2018"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Chio","family":"Yokose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sruthi","family":"Tanikella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kehuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit D.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Raffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Harvard\/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Merriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama, Birmingham"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Saag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama, Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyon K.","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"The Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Arthritis Research Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230298r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.11390","article-title":"Association between gout flare and subsequent cardiovascular events among patients with gout.","volume":"328","author":"Cipolletta","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230298r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of gout.","volume":"143","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230298r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez476","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of gout, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study.","volume":"59","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230298r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1002\/art.v72.11","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability due to gout and its attributable risk factors for 195 countries and territories 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.","volume":"72","author":"Safiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230298r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.91","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence and risk factors.","volume":"11","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1529-0131","article-title":"Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II.","volume":"58","author":"Lawrence","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/art.2019.71.issue-6","article-title":"Contemporary prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the United States and decadal trends: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016.","volume":"71","author":"Chen-Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230298r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.210394","article-title":"Modifiable factors and incident gout across ethnicity within a large multiethnic cohort of older adults.","volume":"49","author":"Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230298r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2020.07.008","article-title":"Gender and ethnic inequities in gout burden and management.","volume":"46","author":"Guill\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230298r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt299","article-title":"Racial differences in gout incidence in a population-based cohort: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.","volume":"179","author":"Maynard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230298r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1529-0131","article-title":"Racial differences in the incidence of gout: the role of hypertension.","volume":"38","author":"Hochberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230298r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.v73.9","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and burden of gout in the Veterans Health Administration.","volume":"73","author":"Helget","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230298r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.26804","article-title":"Racial and sex disparities in gout prevalence among US adults.","volume":"5","author":"McCormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230298r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-3729","article-title":"Knowledge gaps, challenges, and opportunities in health and prevention research for Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: a report from the 2021 National Institutes of Health Workshop.","volume":"175","author":"Kanaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230298r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11030231","article-title":"The epidemiology and genetics of hyperuricemia and gout across major racial groups: a literature review and population genetics secondary database analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230298r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.04.026","article-title":"Cardiovascular health and disease among Asian-Americans (from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).","volume":"124","author":"Kalra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"365","key":"zoi230298r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n365","article-title":"Trends in obesity and adiposity measures by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States 2011-18: population based study.","volume":"372","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"24","key":"zoi230298r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4501","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the United States, 2011-2016.","volume":"323","author":"Hirode","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052430","article-title":"Quantifying and understanding the higher risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among South Asian individuals: results from the UK Biobank Prospective Cohort Study.","volume":"144","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002176","article-title":"Ethnic differences in prevalence of actionable HbA1c levels in UK Biobank: implications for screening.","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi230298r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.2018.35.issue-2","article-title":"Men across a range of ethnicities have a higher prevalence of diabetes: findings from a cross-sectional study of 500 000 UK Biobank participants.","volume":"35","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230298r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0441-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors.","volume":"16","author":"Dehlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2020.1784556","article-title":"Real-world treatment of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study of Japanese health insurance claims data.","volume":"31","author":"Koto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"zoi230298r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-017-0812-5","article-title":"The prevalence of gout in mainland China from 2000 to 2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230298r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3768-4","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of gout in Korea: data from the national health claims database 2007-2015.","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-02299-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of gout in Hong Kong: a population-based study from 2006 to 2016.","volume":"22","author":"Tsoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303815","article-title":"Overview of Asian American data collection, release, and analysis: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018.","volume":"107","author":"Paulose-Ram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi230298r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.06.040","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia.","volume":"120","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.01.015","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents.","volume":"154","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230298r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30520","article-title":"Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008.","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi230298r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.713","article-title":"Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women.","volume":"168","author":"Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230298r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.7419","article-title":"Adherence to 2020 to 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the risk of new-onset female gout.","volume":"182","author":"Yokose","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"zoi230298r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j1794","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j1794","article-title":"The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, Western diet, and risk of gout in men: prospective cohort study.","volume":"357","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.342","article-title":"United Kingdom Biobank (UK Biobank): JACC focus seminar 6\/8.","volume":"78","author":"Caleyachetty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"184","key":"zoi230298r37","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2018: sample design and estimation procedures.","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 2"},{"issue":"9793","key":"zoi230298r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3","article-title":"Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK.","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7-8","key":"zoi230298r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(74)90014-9","article-title":"Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii and California: demographic, physical, dietary and biochemical characteristics.","volume":"27","author":"Kagan","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi230298r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-04994-9","article-title":"The prevalence of the gout-associated polymorphism rs2231142 G>T in ABCG2 in a pregnant female Filipino cohort.","volume":"39","author":"Roman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55010008","article-title":"Polymorphisms of ABCG2 and SLC22A12 genes associated with gout risk in Vietnamese population.","volume":"55","author":"Duong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230298r43","first-page":"1814","article-title":"The prevalence of rheumatic diseases in a Filipino urban population: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD Study. World Health Organization. International League of Associations for Rheumatology. Community Oriented Programme for the Control of the Rheumatic Diseases.","volume":"24","author":"Dans","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230298r44","first-page":"2252","article-title":"Prevalence of the rheumatic diseases in urban Vietnam: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study.","volume":"30","author":"Minh Hoa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0522-8","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of gout in Taiwan: a nationwide population study.","volume":"17","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi230298r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20232","article-title":"High prevalence of gouty arthritis among the Hmong population in Minnesota.","volume":"62","author":"Portis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi230298r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111518","article-title":"Lean yet unhealthy: Asian American adults had higher risks for metabolic syndrome than non-Hispanic White Adults with the same body mass index\u2014evidence from NHANES 2011-2016.","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230298r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-013-9792-8","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in the association of body mass index with the risk of hypertension and diabetes.","volume":"39","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230298r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.152","article-title":"Asian Americans have greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome despite lower body mass index.","volume":"35","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi230298r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00239-7","article-title":"Genetic assessment of hyperuricemia and gout in Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander subgroups of pregnant women: biospecimens repository cross-sectional study.","volume":"6","author":"Alghubayshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0004-x","article-title":"An update on the genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout.","volume":"14","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi230298r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221635","article-title":"Impact of adiposity on risk of female gout among those genetically predisposed: sex-specific prospective cohort study findings over >32 years.","volume":"81","author":"McCormick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"zoi230298r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42419","article-title":"Interactions between genetic risk and diet influencing risk of incident female gout: discovery and replication analysis of four prospective cohorts.","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi230298r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.v72.6","article-title":"2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout.","volume":"72","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi230298r55","first-page":"498","article-title":"Gout in ambulatory care settings in the United States.","volume":"35","author":"Krishnan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"zoi230298r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac590","article-title":"Nationwide racial\/ethnic disparities in US emergency department visits and hospitalizations for gout.","author":"Yokose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi230298r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","article-title":"Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK Biobank participants with those of the general population.","volume":"186","author":"Fry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"zoi230298r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m131","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m131","article-title":"Comparison of risk factor associations in UK Biobank against representative, general population based studies with conventional response rates: prospective cohort study and individual participant meta-analysis.","volume":"368","author":"Batty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"zoi230298r14","unstructured":"Budiman? A, Ruiz? NG. Asian Americans are the fastest-growing racial or ethnic group in the U.S. Pew Research Center. April 9, 2021. Accessed March 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2021\/04\/09\/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s\/"},{"key":"zoi230298r31","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): MEC laboratory procedures manual. January 2017. Accessed March 14, 2023. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/2017-2018\/manuals\/2017_MEC_Laboratory_Procedures_Manual.pdf"},{"key":"zoi230298r40","unstructured":"Budiman? A, Ruiz? NG. Key facts about Asian origin groups in the U.S. Pew Research Center. April 29, 2021. Accessed March 14, 2023. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2021\/04\/29\/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s\/?"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2804097\/yokose_2023_oi_230298_1681485540.32436.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T12:54:53Z","timestamp":1682081693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2804097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.9501","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]}}}