{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:13:08Z","timestamp":1793113988184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Exposure to outdoor air pollution contributes to childhood asthma development, but many studies lack the geographic, racial and ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity to evaluate susceptibility by individual-level and community-level contextual factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To examine early life exposure to fine particulate matter (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ) and nitrogen oxide (NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) air pollution and asthma risk by early and middle childhood, and whether individual and community-level characteristics modify associations between air pollution exposure and asthma.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study included children enrolled in cohorts participating in the Children\u2019s Respiratory and Environmental Workgroup consortium. The birth cohorts were located throughout the US, recruited between 1987 and 2007, and followed up through age 11 years. The survival analysis was adjusted for mother\u2019s education, parental asthma, smoking during pregnancy, child\u2019s race and ethnicity, sex, neighborhood characteristics, and cohort. Statistical analysis was performed from February 2022 to December 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n \n Early-life exposures to PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n according to participants\u2019 birth address.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Caregiver report of physician-diagnosed asthma through early (age 4 years) and middle (age 11 years) childhood.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Among 5279 children included, 1659 (31.4%) were Black, 835 (15.8%) were Hispanic, 2555 (48.4%) where White, and 229 (4.3%) were other race or ethnicity; 2721 (51.5%) were male and 2596 (49.2%) were female; 1305 children (24.7%) had asthma by 11 years of age and 954 (18.1%) had asthma by 4 years of age. Mean values of pollutants over the first 3 years of life were associated with asthma incidence. A 1 IQR increase in NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (6.1 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) was associated with increased asthma incidence among children younger than 5 years (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.03-1.52]) and children younger than 11 years (HR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.04-1.44]). A 1 IQR increase in PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n (3.4 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) was associated with increased asthma incidence among children younger than 5 years (HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.04-1.66]) and children younger than 11 years (OR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.01-1.50]). Associations of PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n or NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n with asthma were increased when mothers had less than a high school diploma, among Black children, in communities with fewer child opportunities, and in census tracts with higher percentage Black population and population density; for example, there was a significantly higher association between PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and asthma incidence by younger than 5 years of age in Black children (HR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.15-2.22]) compared with White children (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 0.90-1.52]).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cohort study, early life air pollution was associated with increased asthma incidence by early and middle childhood, with higher risk among minoritized families living in urban communities characterized by fewer opportunities and resources and multiple environmental coexposures. Reducing asthma risk in the US requires air pollution regulation and reduction combined with greater environmental, educational, and health equity at the community level.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T11:33:32Z","timestamp":1709120012000},"page":"e240535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["Early-Life Exposure to Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma Cumulative Incidence in the ECHO CREW Consortium"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick H.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent A.","family":"Coull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Luttmann-Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soma","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Blossom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Brokamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"},{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Lothrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airways Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson"},{"name":"Department of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paloma I.","family":"Beamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airways Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson"},{"name":"Department of Community, Environment, and Policy, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia M.","family":"Visness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rho Inc, Federal Research Operations, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard B.","family":"Bacharier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monroe Carell Jr Children\u2019s Hospital at Vanderbilt, Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Pulmonary Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Hartert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis R.","family":"Ownby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Immunology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjit K.","family":"Khurana Hershey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital, Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.M.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eneida A.","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Zoratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airways Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando D.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Asthma and Airways Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Seroogy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sima K.","family":"Ramratnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"Calatroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rho Inc, Federal Research Operations, Durham, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Gern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"For the ECHO Children\u2019s Respiratory and Environmental Workgroup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10082","key":"zoi240043r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30505-6","article-title":"Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015.","volume":"389","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10258","key":"zoi240043r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","article-title":"Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"Abbafati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"zoi240043r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"zoi240043r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107262","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and selected health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"164","author":"Boogaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240043r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-1088-9","article-title":"The Children\u2019s Respiratory and Environmental Workgroup (CREW) birth cohort consortium: design, methods, and study population.","volume":"20","author":"Gern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240043r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.04.027","article-title":"Pediatric asthma incidence rates in the United States from 1980 to 2017.","volume":"148","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi240043r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2022.1446","article-title":"Childhood asthma incidence, early and persistent wheeze, and neighborhood socioeconomic factors in the ECHO\/CREW Consortium.","volume":"176","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240043r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2016.1200159","article-title":"A hybrid model for spatially and temporally resolved ozone exposures in the continental United States.","volume":"67","author":"Di","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240043r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b06121","article-title":"Assessing PM2.5 exposures with high spatiotemporal resolution across the continental United States.","volume":"50","author":"Di","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"zoi240043r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-63","article-title":"Spatio-temporal modeling of particulate air pollution in the conterminous United States using geographic and meteorological predictors.","volume":"13","author":"Yanosky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"30","key":"zoi240043r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.21105\/joss","article-title":"DeGAUSS: decentralized geomarker assessment for multi-site studies.","volume":"3","author":"Brokamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240043r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx128","article-title":"Decentralized and reproducible geocoding and characterization of community and environmental exposures for multisite studies.","volume":"25","author":"Brokamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240043r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00735","article-title":"Racial and ethnic inequities in children\u2019s neighborhoods: evidence from the new child opportunity index 2.0.","volume":"39","author":"Acevedo-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240043r17","first-page":"34","article-title":"Measuring community vulnerability to natural and anthropogenic hazards: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s social vulnerability index.","volume":"80","author":"Flanagan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi240043r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-022-01034-1","article-title":"Emerging insights into the impact of air pollution on immune-mediated asthma pathogenesis.","volume":"22","author":"Tuazon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240043r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.053","article-title":"Air pollution and asthma: mechanisms of harm and considerations for clinical interventions.","volume":"159","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240043r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.11.043","article-title":"Exposure to allergen and diesel exhaust particles potentiates secondary allergen-specific memory responses, promoting asthma susceptibility.","volume":"136","author":"Brandt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240043r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70011-4","article-title":"Nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles can induce sensitization to a neoallergen in the human mucosa.","volume":"104","author":"Diaz-Sanchez","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240043r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10968","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and asthma onset in children: a prospective cohort study with individual exposure measurement.","volume":"116","author":"Jerrett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi240043r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901232","article-title":"Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school.","volume":"118","author":"McConnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"19","key":"zoi240043r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5357","article-title":"Association of changes in air quality with incident asthma in children in California, 1993-2014.","volume":"321","author":"Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240043r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.11.062","article-title":"Lifetime air pollution exposure and asthma in a pediatric birth cohort.","volume":"141","author":"Rice","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240043r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201407-1314OC","article-title":"Timing and duration of traffic-related air pollution exposure and the risk for childhood wheeze and asthma.","volume":"192","author":"Brunst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"zoi240043r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111473","article-title":"Early postnatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and asthma in adolescents: vulnerability factors in the PARIS birth cohort.","volume":"201","author":"Citerne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240043r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000511","article-title":"Discrimination, segregation, and chronic inflammation: testing the weathering explanation for the poor health of Black Americans.","volume":"54","author":"Simons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240043r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00359-3","article-title":"What is \u201csocioeconomic position (SEP),\u201d and how might it modify air pollution-health associations? cohering findings, identifying challenges, and disentangling effects of SEP and race in US city settings.","volume":"9","author":"Clougherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240043r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.11.025","article-title":"Environmental justice and allergic disease: a work group report of the AAAAI Environmental Exposure and Respiratory Health Committee and the Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Committee.","volume":"151","author":"Burbank","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"zoi240043r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.08.007","article-title":"The child opportunity index and disparities in pediatric asthma hospitalizations across one Ohio Metropolitan Area, 2011-2013.","volume":"190","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"zoi240043r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106667","article-title":"Early childhood exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with increased risk of paediatric asthma: an administrative cohort study from Stockholm, Sweden.","volume":"155","author":"Olsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240043r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00010","article-title":"No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons.","volume":"1","author":"Rothman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240043r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083614","article-title":"A multicentre study of air pollution exposure and childhood asthma prevalence: the ESCAPE project.","volume":"45","author":"M\u00f6lter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240043r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.47957","article-title":"Associations of neighborhood opportunity and social vulnerability with trajectories of childhood body mass index and obesity among US children.","volume":"5","author":"Aris","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240043r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-018903","article-title":"Neighborhood child opportunity index and adolescent cardiometabolic risk.","volume":"147","author":"Aris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"zoi240043r5","first-page":"387","volume-title":"Annals of the American Thoracic Society","author":"Thurston","year":"2020"},{"key":"zoi240043r16"},{"key":"zoi240043r3","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute. Traffic-related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on emissions, exposure, and health effects. Published 2010. Accessed February 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.healtheffects.org\/publication\/traffic-related-air-pollution-critical-review-literature-emissions-exposure-and-health"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2815586\/zanobetti_2024_oi_240043_1708501353.82175.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T11:33:41Z","timestamp":1709120021000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2815586"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0535","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}}}