{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:48:00Z","timestamp":1793155680369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n Growing evidence associates air pollution exposure with various psychiatric disorders. However, the importance of early-life (eg, prenatal) air pollution exposure to mental health during youth is poorly understood, and few longitudinal studies have investigated the association of noise pollution with youth mental health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To examine the longitudinal associations of air and noise pollution exposure in pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence with psychotic experiences, depression, and anxiety in youths from ages 13 to 24 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This cohort study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort founded in 1991 through 1993 in Southwest England, United Kingdom. The cohort includes over 14\u202f000 infants with due dates between April 1, 1991, and December 31, 1992, who were subsequently followed up into adulthood. Data were analyzed October 29, 2021, to March 11, 2024.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposures<\/jats:title>\n \n A novel linkage (completed in 2020) was performed to link high-resolution (100 m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ) estimates of nitrogen dioxide (NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), fine particulate matter under 2.5 \u03bcm (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ), and noise pollution to home addresses from pregnancy to 12 years of age.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcomes and measures<\/jats:title>\n Psychotic experiences, depression, and anxiety were measured at ages 13, 18, and 24 years. Logistic regression models controlled for key individual-, family-, and area-level confounders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n This cohort study included 9065 participants who had any mental health data, of whom (with sample size varying by parameter) 51.4% (4657 of 9051) were female, 19.5% (1544 of 7910) reported psychotic experiences, 11.4% (947 of 8344) reported depression, and 9.7% (811 of 8398) reported anxiety. Mean (SD) age at follow-up was 24.5 (0.8) years. After covariate adjustment, IQR increases (0.72 \u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) in PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n levels during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.04-1.19];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.002) and during childhood (AOR, 1.09 [95% CI, 1.00-1.10];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.04) were associated with elevated odds for psychotic experiences. Pregnancy PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n exposure was also associated with depression (AOR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.02-1.18];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.01). Higher noise pollution exposure in childhood (AOR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.03-1.38];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.02) and adolescence (AOR, 1.22 [95% CI, 1.02-1.45];\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.03) was associated with elevated odds for anxiety.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this longitudinal cohort study, early-life air and noise pollution exposure were prospectively associated with 3 common mental health problems from adolescence to young adulthood. There was a degree of specificity in terms of pollutant-timing-outcome associations. Interventions to reduce air and noise pollution exposure (eg, clean air zones) could potentially improve population mental health. Replication using quasi-experimental designs is now needed to shed further light on the underlying causes of these associations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:31:11Z","timestamp":1716903071000},"page":"e2412169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Air and Noise Pollution Exposure in Early Life and Mental Health From Adolescence to Young Adulthood"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Joanne B.","family":"Newbury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Heron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Kirkbride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen L.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PsyLife Group, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bakolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Centre for Implementation Science, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"},{"name":"UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"},{"name":"UK Longitudinal Linkage Collaboration, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Zammit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240431r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","article-title":"Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies.","volume":"27","author":"Solmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240431r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4595","article-title":"Air pollution (particulate matter) exposure and associations with depression, anxiety, bipolar, psychosis and suicide risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"127","author":"Braithwaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"zoi240431r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.07.20147959","article-title":"Long-term PM2.5 exposure and depressive symptoms in China: a quasi-experimental study.","volume":"6","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(17)30042-6","article-title":"Air pollution and urbanicity: common risk factors for dementia and schizophrenia?","volume":"1","author":"Attademo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240431r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2021.119","article-title":"Association between air pollution exposure and mental health service use among individuals with first presentations of psychotic and mood disorders: retrospective cohort study.","volume":"219","author":"Newbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30004-8","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution during childhood and risk of developing schizophrenia: a national cohort study.","volume":"4","author":"Antonsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116820","article-title":"The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.","volume":"10","author":"Whiteford","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240431r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.3410","article-title":"Mental health in a changing planet.","volume":"80","author":"Lugo-Candelas","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240431r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease.","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0209-9","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on the brain: a review of studies interfacing environmental epidemiology and neuroimaging.","volume":"5","author":"de Prado Bert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701598234","article-title":"Children\u2019s response to air pollutants.","volume":"71","author":"Bateson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.008","article-title":"The cellular and molecular landscapes of the developing human central nervous system.","volume":"89","author":"Silbereis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240431r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0056","article-title":"Association of air pollution exposure with psychotic experiences during adolescence.","volume":"76","author":"Newbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240431r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15112400","article-title":"WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: a systematic review on environmental noise and quality of life, wellbeing and mental health.","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.12.006","article-title":"The spatial relationship between traffic-generated air pollution and noise in 2 US cities.","volume":"109","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240431r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711002960","article-title":"Prevalence of psychotic symptoms in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies.","volume":"42","author":"Kelleher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi240431r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.12.004","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) in a large representative sample of Finnish adolescents.","volume":"272","author":"Tiirikainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240431r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.43.1.15","article-title":"Adolescent depression: national trends, risk factors, and healthcare disparities.","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"zoi240431r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723002349","article-title":"Temporal patterns in the recorded annual incidence of common mental disorders over two decades in the United Kingdom: a primary care cohort study.","author":"Dykxhoorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi240431r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.2013.54.issue-7","article-title":"Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood.","volume":"54","author":"Copeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240431r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712003091","article-title":"Specificity of childhood psychotic symptoms for predicting schizophrenia by 38 years of age: a birth cohort study.","volume":"43","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240431r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort profile: the \u2018children of the 90s\u2019\u2014the index offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.","volume":"42","author":"Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240431r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort.","volume":"42","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support.","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240431r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz063","article-title":"Data resource profile: the ALSPAC birth cohort as a platform to study the relationship of environment and health and social factors.","volume":"48","author":"Boyd","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9596","key":"zoi240431r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"370","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.051904","article-title":"IQ and non-clinical psychotic symptoms in 12-year-olds: results from the ALSPAC birth cohort.","volume":"193","author":"Horwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.3058","article-title":"Phenotypic manifestation of genetic risk for schizophrenia during adolescence in the general population.","volume":"73","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240431r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbz049","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics at birth and positive and negative psychotic symptoms in adolescence: findings from the ALSPAC birth cohort.","volume":"46","author":"Solmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240431r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.2000.41.issue-5","article-title":"The Development and Well-Being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology.","volume":"41","author":"Goodman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700030415","article-title":"Measuring psychiatric disorder in the community: a standardized assessment for use by lay interviewers.","volume":"22","author":"Lewis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"zoi240431r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00662-z"},{"key":"zoi240431r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.036","article-title":"Spatial PM2.5, NO2, O3 and BC models for Western Europe\u2014evaluation of spatiotemporal stability.","volume":"120","author":"de Hoogh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"zoi240431r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105749","article-title":"Residential greenspace and lung function up to 24 years of age: the ALSPAC birth cohort.","volume":"140","author":"Fuertes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240431r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value.","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi240431r46","first-page":"19","article-title":"Regression standard errors in clustered samples.","volume":"3","author":"Rogers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stata Technical Bulletin"},{"key":"zoi240431r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108734","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to particulate matter air pollution on corpus callosum and behavioral problems in children.","volume":"178","author":"Mortamais","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240431r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57012","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP4522","article-title":"Prenatal particulate air pollution and DNA methylation in newborns: an epigenome-wide meta-analysis.","volume":"127","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240431r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408675","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and newborn size and adiposity at birth: differences by maternal ethnicity (the born in Bradford study cohort).","volume":"123","author":"Schembari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240431r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8243","article-title":"Association of air pollution and heat exposure with preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth in the US: a systematic review.","volume":"3","author":"Bekkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0044-1","article-title":"Health effects of noise exposure in children.","volume":"2","author":"Stansfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240431r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00483","article-title":"A prospective study of some effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance in schoolchildren.","volume":"13","author":"Hygge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240431r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00325.x","article-title":"Team. ALSPAC\u2014the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: I. study methodology.","volume":"15","author":"Golding","year":"2001","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11869-011-0140-9","article-title":"Confounding and exposure measurement error in air pollution epidemiology.","volume":"5","author":"Sheppard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Air Qual Atmos Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi240431r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.v39.16","article-title":"STRATOS guidance document on measurement error and misclassification of variables in observational epidemiology: part 1-basic theory and simple methods of adjustment.","volume":"39","author":"Keogh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"zoi240431r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.077"},{"key":"zoi240431r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"BMJ Open","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010004"},{"key":"zoi240431r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","journal-title":"Environ Res","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108930"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240431r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(99)00292-7","article-title":"Small area variations in ambient NO2 concentrations in four European areas.","volume":"34","author":"Lebret","year":"2000","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"zoi240431r9","volume-title":"Global Health Observatory. Urban population growth","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"zoi240431r33","volume-title":"Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1994"},{"key":"zoi240431r41","volume-title":"Indices of Deprivation 2000","author":"DETR","year":"2000"},{"key":"zoi240431r7","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Sources and emissions of air pollutants in Europe. 2022. Accessed November 29, 2023. https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2022\/sources-and-emissions-of-air"},{"key":"zoi240431r10","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. 2016. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/250141"},{"key":"zoi240431r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Northstone? K, Lewcock? M, Groom? A, . The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC): an update on the enrolled sample of index children in 2019.? Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4:51. doi:10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15132.1?","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15132.1"},{"key":"zoi240431r30","unstructured":"University of Bristol. Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.bristol.ac.uk\/alspac\/researchers\/our-data"},{"key":"zoi240431r40","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Decision no 1386\/2013\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 on a general union environment action programme to 2020 \u2018Living well, within the limits of our planet\u2019 (text with EEA relevance). 2013. Accessed November 29, 2023. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32013D1386?"},{"key":"zoi240431r43","unstructured":"GitHub. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/JBNewbury\/bris-phs-pollution-mental-health.git"},{"key":"zoi240431r44","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adolescent health. 2022. Accessed April 26, 2022. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1"},{"key":"zoi240431r47","unstructured":"StataCorp LP. Stata 18 multiple-imputation reference manual. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.stata.com\/manuals\/mi.pdf"},{"key":"zoi240431r48","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide: executive summary. 2021. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/345329\/9789240034228-eng.pdf?sequence=1"},{"key":"zoi240431r56","unstructured":"IQAir. Live most polluted major city ranking. Accessed April 15, 2024. https:\/\/www.iqair.com\/world-air-quality-ranking"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2819070\/newbury_2024_oi_240431_1715796056.50106.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:31:20Z","timestamp":1716903080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2819070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12169","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}