{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:28:46Z","timestamp":1791894526750,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-4\">\n                    <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Free video-sharing platforms (VSPs) make up a high proportion of children\u2019s daily screen use. Many VSPs make algorithmic recommendations, appearing as thumbnail images from the video, which content creators use to advertise their video content.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-5\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore how VSP thumbnails use attention-capture designs to encourage engagement with content and to test whether VSP algorithmic recommendations offer more problematic thumbnail features over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-6\">\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study conducted in January 2022, researchers mimicked the search behavior of children on a popular VSP by randomly clicking on recommended videos in order to test whether thumbnail designs changed over 20 sequential video engagements. A digital, footprint-free data collection setting was created by using a new computer and wireless internet router. Data were collected from YouTube via an internet browser not logged into a user account. Data analysis occurred from April to December 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-7\">\n                    <jats:title>Exposures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Manual searches using 12 top-searched terms popular with school-aged children were conducted. Researchers captured the video thumbnails recommended at the end of each video and randomly clicked subsequent videos for 20 sequential engagements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-8\">\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thumbnail content codes were developed through iterative review of screenshots by a multidisciplinary research team and applied by trained coders (reliability, \u03ba &amp;amp;gt;.70). The prevalence of problematic thumbnail content and change in prevalence over 20 engagements was calculated using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-9\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2880 video thumbnails were analyzed and 6 features were coded, including visual loudness; drama and intrigue; lavish excess and wish fulfillment; creepy, bizarre, and disturbing; violence, peril, and pranks; and gender stereotypes. A high proportion contained problematic features including the creepy, bizarre, and disturbing feature (1283 thumbnails [44.6%]), violence, peril, and pranks feature (1170 thumbnails [40.6%]), and gender stereotypes feature (525 thumbnails [18.2%]). Other features included attention-capture designs such as the visual loudness feature (2278 thumbnails [79.1%]), drama and intrigue feature (2636 thumbnails [91.5%]) and lavish excess and wish fulfillment feature (1286 thumbnails [44.7%]). Contrary to the hypotheses, problematic feature prevalence did not increase over time, but the gender stereotypes feature increased with more engagement in the recommendations feed (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend\u2009&amp;amp;lt;\u2009.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"ab-zoi240474-10\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study of video recommendations for search terms popular with children, thumbnails contained problematic and attention-capturing designs including violent, stereotyped, and frightening themes. Research is needed to understand how children respond to thumbnail designs and whether such designs influence the quality of content children consume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.13855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T11:01:41Z","timestamp":1716980501000},"page":"e2413855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Algorithmic Content Recommendations on a Video-Sharing Platform Used by Children"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Radesky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Bridgewater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication & Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication & Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"August","family":"O\u2019Neil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication & Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication & Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Schaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi M.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication & Media, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240474r2","first-page":"230","article-title":"Video-sharing platform viewing among preschool-aged children: differences by child characteristics and contextual factors.","volume":"25","author":"Radesky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240474r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3304","article-title":"Media use and child sleep: the impact of content, timing, and environment.","volume":"128","author":"Garrison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240474r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ambp.2007.02.004","article-title":"Media content and externalizing behaviors in Latino toddlers.","volume":"7","author":"Tomopoulos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240474r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000093","article-title":"ABCs or attack-boom-crash? 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