{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:58:16Z","timestamp":1792447096138,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Persistent symptoms and disability following SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as post\u2013COVID-19 condition or \u201clong COVID,\u201d are frequently reported and pose a substantial personal and societal burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To determine time to recovery following SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify factors associated with recovery by 90 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>For this prospective cohort study, standardized ascertainment of SARS-CoV-2 infection was conducted starting in April 1, 2020, across 14 ongoing National Institutes of Health\u2013funded cohorts that have enrolled and followed participants since 1971. This report includes data collected through February 28, 2023, on adults aged 18 years or older with self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Preinfection health conditions and lifestyle factors assessed before and during the pandemic via prepandemic examinations and pandemic-era questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Probability of nonrecovery by 90 days and restricted mean recovery times were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to assess multivariable-adjusted associations with recovery by 90 days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 4708 participants with self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean [SD] age, 61.3 [13.8] years; 2952 women [62.7%]), an estimated 22.5% (95% CI, 21.2%-23.7%) did not recover by 90 days post infection. Median (IQR) time to recovery was 20 (8-75) days. By 90 days post infection, there were significant differences in restricted mean recovery time according to sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle characteristics, particularly by acute infection severity (outpatient vs critical hospitalization, 32.9 days [95% CI, 31.9-33.9 days] vs 57.6 days [95% CI, 51.9-63.3 days]; log-rank P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Recovery by 90 days post infection was associated with vaccination prior to infection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11-1.51) and infection during the sixth (Omicron variant) vs first wave (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06-1.49). These associations were mediated by reduced severity of acute infection (33.4% and 17.6%, respectively). Recovery was unfavorably associated with female sex (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.92) and prepandemic clinical cardiovascular disease (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-0.99). No significant multivariable-adjusted associations were observed for age, educational attainment, smoking history, obesity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or elevated depressive symptoms. Results were similar for reinfections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cohort study, more than 1 in 5 adults did not recover within 3 months of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Recovery within 3 months was less likely in women and those with preexisting cardiovascular disease and more likely in those with COVID-19 vaccination or infection during the Omicron variant wave.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.17440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T15:36:05Z","timestamp":1718638565000},"page":"e2417440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Epidemiologic Features of Recovery From SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Oelsner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallavi P.","family":"Balte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norrina B.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelley A.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomed, San Antonio, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Coresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine and Public Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Couper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Cushman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Larner School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Daviglus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Demmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell S. 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