{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:09:40Z","timestamp":1792192180630,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Elevated maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with altered fetal brain development. During the COVID-19 pandemic, prenatal maternal psychological distress more than doubled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To examine the association of the pandemic and rising maternal psychological distress with brain growth in newborns using quantitative 3-dimensional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This prospective cross-sectional study recruited mother-infant dyads at Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC, during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 1, 2020, to June 30, 2022) into a longitudinal infant brain development study and compared them with an existing normative healthy cohort (recruited March 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019). Exclusion criteria included multiple gestation pregnancy, known or suspected congenital infection, documented chromosomal abnormalities, or any maternal contraindication to MRI, as well as prenatal COVID-19 exposure. Infants with structural brain abnormalities or a postnatal confirmation of a genetic syndrome were excluded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>Prenatal maternal mental health was evaluated using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Perceived Stress Scale. Neonates underwent nonsedated brain MRI. An ordinary least squares linear regression model was used to measure the differences in regional brain volumes of neonates born before vs during the pandemic with and without exposure to elevated prenatal maternal psychological distress after adjustment for neonatal sex and gestational age at MRI and maternal age and educational level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 159 mother-infant dyads were included in the analysis: 103 before and 56 during the pandemic (median gestational age of infants, 39.6 [IQR, 38.4-40.4] weeks; median maternal age, 34.5 [IQR, 31.0-37.0] years). Eighty-three infants (52.2%) were female. Among the mothers, 130 (81.8%) had a college degree and 87 (54.7%) had a graduate degree. Forty-four mothers (27.7%) identified as Asian, Hispanic, or multiracial; 27 (17.0%), as Black; and 88 (55.3%), as White. Scores on anxiety and stress measures were significantly increased in the pandemic cohort. Infants of mothers with elevated maternal distress showed median reductions in white matter (\u22120.36 [95% CI, \u22120.61 to \u22120.11] cm3<\/jats:sup>; Q<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), right hippocampal (\u22120.35 [95% CI, \u22120.65 to \u22120.06] cm3<\/jats:sup>; Q<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.04), and left amygdala (\u22120.49 [95% CI, \u22120.84 to \u22120.13] cm3<\/jats:sup>; Q<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03) volumes compared with infants of mothers with low distress levels. After adjusting for the cohort effect of the pandemic, elevated trait anxiety remained significantly associated with decreased left amygdalar volumes (\u22120.71 [95% CI, \u22121.12 to \u22120.29]; Q<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this cross-sectional study of maternal-infant dyads prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, regional neonatal brain volumes were associated with elevated maternal psychological distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.17924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T15:01:57Z","timestamp":1718895717000},"page":"e2417924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Prenatal Maternal Psychological Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Newborn Brain Development"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Weiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"The Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kushal","family":"Kapse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Vozar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenhao Jacob","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Murnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diedtra","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hironori","family":"Teramoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Limperopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickie","family":"Andescavage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240585r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.v110.6","article-title":"Prenatal origins of neuropsychiatric diseases.","volume":"110","author":"Amgalan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240585r2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.v73.11","article-title":"The effects of prenatal stress on alpha4 beta2 and alpha7 hippocampal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor levels in adult offspring.","volume":"73","author":"Schulz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Neurobiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240585r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2163","article-title":"Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years.","volume":"70","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00111-w","article-title":"Maternal psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic and structural changes of the human fetal brain.","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.19940","article-title":"Association of prenatal maternal psychological distress with fetal brain growth, metabolism, and cortical maturation.","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240585r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.9244","article-title":"Association of elevated maternal psychological distress, altered fetal brain, and offspring cognitive and social-emotional outcomes at 18 months.","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240585r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5316","article-title":"Association of maternal psychological distress with in utero brain development in fetuses with congenital heart disease.","volume":"174","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240585r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.019","article-title":"Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth.","volume":"74","author":"Rifkin-Graboi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240585r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.22349","article-title":"Association of prenatal maternal anxiety with fetal regional brain connectivity.","volume":"3","author":"De Asis-Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240585r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2132","article-title":"Association of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms with infant white matter microstructure.","volume":"172","author":"Dean","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.07.010","article-title":"High pregnancy anxiety during mid-gestation is associated with decreased gray matter density in 6-9-year-old children.","volume":"35","author":"Buss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"zoi240585r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.029","article-title":"Prenatal maternal anxiety and children\u2019s brain structure and function: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies.","volume":"241","author":"Adamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"42","key":"zoi240585r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204135119","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal social disadvantage and psychosocial stress and neonatal white matter connectivity at birth.","volume":"119","author":"Lean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240585r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.7045","article-title":"Association of prenatal exposure to early-life adversity with neonatal brain volumes at birth.","volume":"5","author":"Triplett","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240585r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6759","article-title":"Maternal anxiety and depression during late pregnancy and newborn brain white matter development.","volume":"41","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240585r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.79","article-title":"Maternal anxiety and infants\u2019 hippocampal development: timing matters.","volume":"3","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(01)00062-5","article-title":"Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and subsequent infant development.","volume":"24","author":"Brouwers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240585r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2011.594121","article-title":"Prenatal maternal anxiety and early childhood temperament.","volume":"14","author":"Blair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"zoi240585r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2020.101468","article-title":"Maternal prenatal anxiety trajectories and infant developmental outcomes in one-year-old offspring.","volume":"60","author":"Irwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-022-01493-9","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress and other psychological factors in pregnant women giving birth during the first wave of the pandemic.","volume":"19","author":"H\u00fcbner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"zoi240585r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7112","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137112","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on women\u2019s mental health during pregnancy: a rapid evidence review.","volume":"18","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi240585r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.v100.7","article-title":"Mental health status of pregnant and breastfeeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014a multinational cross-sectional study.","volume":"100","author":"Ceulemans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045211009297","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on mothers\u2019 and infants\u2019 mental health during pregnancy and shortly thereafter.","volume":"27","author":"Vardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240585r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.v10.11","article-title":"The relationship among fear and anxiety of COVID-19, pregnancy experience, and mental health disorder in pregnant women: a structural equation model.","volume":"10","author":"Salehi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-021-01070-6","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: a scoping review.","volume":"18","author":"Kotlar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240585r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000692","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on maternal mental health.","volume":"46","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"zoi240585r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151279","article-title":"Addressing mental health in patients and providers during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"44","author":"Werner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi240585r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.","volume":"147","author":"von Elm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240585r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress.","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"zoi240585r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-014-0369-z","article-title":"Antenatal mindfulness intervention to reduce depression, anxiety and stress: a pilot randomised controlled trial of the MindBabyBody program in an Australian tertiary maternity hospital.","volume":"14","author":"Woolhouse","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"zoi240585r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2014.7","article-title":"Screening for depression and anxiety disorders from pregnancy to postpartum with the EPDS and STAI.","volume":"17","author":"Tendais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240585r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2322280","article-title":"Automatic whole brain MRI segmentation of the developing neonatal brain.","volume":"33","author":"Makropoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"zoi240585r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2016.08.010","article-title":"Prenatal stress alters amygdala functional connectivity in preterm neonates.","volume":"12","author":"Scheinost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"zoi240585r36","article-title":"3D U-Net: learning dense volumetric segmentation from sparse annotation.","author":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240585r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability.","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"zoi240585r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.08.028","article-title":"Investigating white matter structure in social anxiety disorder using fixel-based analysis.","volume":"143","author":"Gorman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"zoi240585r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.043","article-title":"White matter correlates of anxiety sensitivity in panic disorder.","volume":"207","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"zoi240585r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9705-0","article-title":"White matter-based structural brain network of anxiety.","volume":"1191","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"zoi240585r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.587053","article-title":"White matter plasticity in anxiety: disruption of neural network synchronization during threat-safety discrimination.","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.06.009","article-title":"White and gray matter development in human fetal, newborn and pediatric brains.","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240585r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2023.05.014","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal maternal depressive symptoms are associated with white matter integrity in 5-year-olds in a sex-specific manner.","volume":"94","author":"Kumpulainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi240585r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.05.005.2009","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte development and the onset of myelination in the human fetal brain.","volume":"3","author":"Jakovcevski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240585r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.v68.6","article-title":"Developmental trajectory of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the human brain revealed by single cell RNA sequencing.","volume":"68","author":"Perlman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"zoi240585r46","first-page":"68","article-title":"A review of adversity, the amygdala and the hippocampus: a consideration of developmental timing.","volume":"3","author":"Tottenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.171","article-title":"Stress effects on neuronal structure: hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.","volume":"41","author":"McEwen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.10.012","article-title":"Predictors of amygdala activation during the processing of emotional stimuli: a meta-analysis of 385 PET and fMRI studies.","volume":"58","author":"Costafreda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15920-7","article-title":"Identification of a prefrontal cortex-to-amygdala pathway for chronic stress-induced anxiety.","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240585r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.019","article-title":"Prenatal maternal depression associates with microstructure of right amygdala in neonates at birth.","volume":"74","author":"Rifkin-Graboi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240585r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6759","article-title":"Maternal anxiety and depression during late pregnancy and newborn brain white matter development.","volume":"41","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240585r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.09.031","article-title":"The impact of stress and major depressive disorder on hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex morphology.","volume":"85","author":"Belleau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240585r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000771","article-title":"\u2018Excess anxiety\u2019 and \u2018less anxiety\u2019: both depend on vestibular function.","volume":"33","author":"Brandt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"zoi240585r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1130505","article-title":"The cerebellum and anxiety.","volume":"17","author":"Chin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240585r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000136281.34035.44","article-title":"Stress during pregnancy affects general intellectual and language functioning in human toddlers.","volume":"56","author":"Laplante","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"zoi240585r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.v41.17","article-title":"Temporally and sex-specific effects of maternal perinatal stress on offspring cortical gyrification and mood in young adulthood.","volume":"41","author":"Mareckova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240585r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579418000408","article-title":"The role of prenatal maternal stress in the development of childhood anxiety symptomatology: The QF2011 Queensland Flood Study.","volume":"30","author":"McLean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240585r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17r12011","article-title":"Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the association with adverse perinatal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"79","author":"Grigoriadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"zoi240585r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104587","article-title":"Cortisol response to stress: The role of expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation.","volume":"117","author":"Pulopulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"zoi240585r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036","article-title":"Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"77","author":"Zorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"16","key":"zoi240585r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.06.013","article-title":"Nicotine inhibits the VTA-to-amygdala dopamine pathway to promote anxiety.","volume":"109","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240585r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231924","article-title":"Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"zoi240585r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000988","article-title":"Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic.","author":"Hwang","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"zoi240585r30","first-page":"292","volume-title":"The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment","author":"Spielberger","year":"1994"},{"key":"zoi240585r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei? L, Huang? X, Zhang? S, Yang? J, Yang? L, Xu? M. Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in southwestern China. Med Sci Monit. 2020;26:e924609-1-e924609-12.","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.924609"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2820221\/weiner_2024_oi_240585_1718142326.27829.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T15:02:05Z","timestamp":1718895725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2820221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.17924","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}