{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T02:10:38Z","timestamp":1793326238601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Handheld phone use while driving is a major factor in vehicle crashes. Scalable interventions are needed to encourage drivers not to use their phones.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To test whether interventions involving social comparison feedback and\/or financial incentives can reduce drivers\u2019 handheld phone use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>In a randomized clinical trial, interventions were administered nationwide in the US via a mobile application in the context of a usage-based insurance program (Snapshot Mobile application). Customers were eligible to be invited to participate in the study if enrolled in the usage-based insurance program for 30 to 70 days. The study was conducted from May 13 to June 30, 2019. Analysis was completed December 22, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Interventions<\/jats:title>Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 trial arms for a 7-week intervention period: (1) control; (2) feedback, with weekly push notification about their handheld phone use compared with that of similar others; (3) standard incentive, with a maximum $50 award at the end of the intervention based on how their handheld phone use compared with similar others; (4) standard incentive\u2009plus\u2009feedback, combining interventions of arms 2 and 3; (5) reframed incentive\u2009plus feedback, with a maximum $7.15 award each week, framed as participant\u2019s to lose; and (6) doubled reframed incentive plus feedback, a maximum $14.29 weekly loss-framed award.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcome and Measure<\/jats:title>Proportion of drive time engaged in handheld phone use in seconds per hour (s\/h) of driving. Analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 17\u202f663 customers invited by email to participate, 2109 opted in and were randomized. A total of 2020 drivers finished the intervention period (68.0% female; median age, 30 [IQR, 25-39] years). Median baseline handheld phone use was 216 (IQR, 72-480) s\/h. Relative to control, feedback and standard incentive participants did not reduce their handheld phone use. Standard incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by \u221238 (95% CI, \u221269 to \u22128) s\/h (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.045); reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by \u221256 (95% CI, \u221287 to \u221226) s\/h (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001); and doubled reframed incentive plus feedback participants reduced their use by \u221242 s\/h (95% CI, \u221272 to \u221213 s\/h; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.007). The 5 active treatment arms did not differ significantly from each other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this randomized clinical trial, providing social comparison feedback plus incentives reduced handheld phone use while individuals were driving.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03833219<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T15:02:39Z","timestamp":1720623759000},"page":"e2420218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Feedback and Financial Incentives for Reducing Cell Phone Use While Driving"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M. 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