{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:37:23Z","timestamp":1791488243901,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection after curative treatment remains a concern for people who inject drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>To assess the incidence of HCV reinfection and associated risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS<\/jats:title>This cohort study is a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial that was conducted across opioid treatment programs and community health centers in the US between September 2016 and August 2018. The current analyses were performed in March 2022. People who inject drugs who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) were followed for up to 42 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Patients were randomly assigned to receive modified directly observed therapy or patient navigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES<\/jats:title>The primary outcome was rate of HCV reinfection. Change in reinfection rates over time was assessed using a Poisson regression model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>RESULTS<\/jats:title>A total of 415 participants (mean [SD] age, 44.7 [11.5] years; 302 male [72.8%]) achieved a SVR and had 1 or more post-SVR assessments for HCV RNA. Overall, 302 (72.8%) reported recent injection drug use, 192 (46.3%) were living in unstable housing, and 313 (75.4%) had received recent methadone or buprenorphine for opioid use disorder. The overall reinfection rate was 11.4 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI, 8.7-14.7 per 100 person-years at risk) over 518 person-years of follow-up. Reinfection rates varied significantly across sites, ranging from 2.9 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI, 0.1-16.3 per 100 person-years) to 25.2 per 100 person-years at risk (95% CI, 15.6-38.5 per 100 person-years at risk) (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.006). There was a significant decrease in incident reinfection with increasing post-SVR follow-up (weeks 0-24, 15.5 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 10.3-22.3 per 100 person-years; weeks 73-144, 4.3 per 100 person-years; 95% CI, 0.9-12.5 per 100 person-years;P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.008). Reinfection rates were lower for participants aged 40 years or older than for younger participants (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.18-0.57) and for participants for whom methamphetamine was not detected in urinary drug screening compared with participants for whom methamphetamine was detected (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.21-0.82). Participants who reported injection drug use within the preceding 3 months had higher risk of reinfection than those who did not have recent injection drug use (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.86-5.97).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>In this cohort study of people who injected drugs and were treated for HCV infection in community settings, reinfection was high in the period immediately after SVR but decreased significantly over time. These findings highlight the importance of early intervention to prevent reinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02824640<\/jats:ext-link><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.30024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T15:32:44Z","timestamp":1724686364000},"page":"e2430024","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection Among People Who Inject Drugs"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Alain H.","family":"Litwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Research, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Prisma Health, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith I.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moonseong","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti H.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn E.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula J.","family":"Lum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Feinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur Y.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brianna L.","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Pericot-Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, College of Behavioral, Social, and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Arnsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Karasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Diane","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination, The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirah","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Agyemang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen S.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurielle","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Research, University of Rhode Island, Kingston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Borsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kendra L.","family":"Blalock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Research Program Management, West Virginia University, Morgantown"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Carty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Murray-Krezan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Jacobsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne F.","family":"Luetkemeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwaseun","family":"Falade-Nwulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Groome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Prisma Health, Greenville, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Law & Policy Innovation, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Law & Policy Innovation, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"HERO Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn R","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Peavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meena S","family":"Ramchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Dickerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Fingerhood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taryn","family":"Haselhuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhi","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yngvild","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vickie","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Lijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Pitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda","family":"Raji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taniya","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hope","family":"Koene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joelle","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasneet","family":"Aneja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiara","family":"Lora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Soloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Jefferson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kermack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giliane","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karyn","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lincoln","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venecia","family":"Marte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romy","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caycee","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurjot","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Tierney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Eveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Berrner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauli","family":"Grey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Akerley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Tashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Sprecht-Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Hordes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Duryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Weenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Grekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ninburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lacey","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Calkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Ashler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eyasu","family":"Teshale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Seiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Spellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Beane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hema","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"for the HERO Study Group"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"zoi240913r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304132","article-title":"Increases in acute hepatitis C virus infection related to a growing opioid epidemic and associated injection drug use, United States, 2004 to 2014.","volume":"108","author":"Zibbell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240913r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu643","article-title":"Emerging epidemic of hepatitis C virus infections among young nonurban persons who inject drugs in the United States, 2006-2012.","volume":"59","author":"Suryaprasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240913r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30085-8","article-title":"The contribution of injection drug use to hepatitis C virus transmission globally, regionally, and at country level: a modelling study.","volume":"4","author":"Trickey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"zoi240913r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102866","article-title":"Injecting risk behaviours amongst people who inject drugs: A global multi-stage systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"84","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"zoi240913r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.040","article-title":"Changes in risk behaviours during and following treatment for hepatitis C virus infection among people who inject drugs: The ACTIVATE study.","volume":"47","author":"Midgard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"zoi240913r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz633","article-title":"Patterns of drug and alcohol use and injection equipment sharing among people with recent injecting drug use or receiving opioid agonist treatment during and following hepatitis C virus treatment with direct-acting antiviral therapies: an international study.","volume":"70","author":"Artenie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi240913r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.05.011","article-title":"Impact of hepatitis C treatment on behavioural change in relation to drug use in people who inject drugs: a systematic review.","volume":"72","author":"Caven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240913r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1727002","article-title":"Significant decrease in injection risk behaviours among participants in a needle exchange programme.","volume":"52","author":"K\u00e5berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"key":"zoi240913r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102923","article-title":"Distance matters: The association of proximity to syringe services programs with sharing of syringes and injecting equipment - 17 U.S. cities, 2015.","volume":"85","author":"Whiteman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"zoi240913r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2021.108344","article-title":"Reduction in injection risk behaviors after implementation of a syringe services program, Miami, Florida.","volume":"127","author":"Bartholomew","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"zoi240913r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1710210","article-title":"Accessibility of needle and syringe programs and injecting and sharing risk behaviors in high Hepatitis C virus prevalence settings.","volume":"55","author":"Naserirad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240913r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.11.012","article-title":"Hepatitis C reinfection after successful antiviral treatment among people who inject drugs: a meta-analysis.","volume":"72","author":"Hajarizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"zoi240913r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.2018.25.issue-3","article-title":"Understanding and addressing hepatitis C reinfection in the oral direct-acting antiviral era.","volume":"25","author":"Falade-Nwulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"zoi240913r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2019.105859","article-title":"Rationale and design of a randomized pragmatic trial of patient-centered models of hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: the HERO study.","volume":"87","author":"Litwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240913r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00275-8","article-title":"Patient-centered models of hepatitis C treatment for people who inject drugs: a multicentre, pragmatic randomised trial.","volume":"7","author":"Litwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"20","key":"zoi240913r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.","volume":"310","author":"World Medical Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240913r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw806","article-title":"From care to cure: demonstrating a model of clinical patient navigation for hepatitis C care and treatment in high-need patients.","volume":"64","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7262","key":"zoi240913r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08309","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance.","volume":"461","author":"Ge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7265","key":"zoi240913r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08463","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus.","volume":"461","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240913r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4119","article-title":"Reinfection and risk behaviors after treatment of hepatitis C virus infection in persons receiving opioid agonist therapy: a cohort study.","volume":"175","author":"Grebely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240913r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0816","article-title":"Elbasvir-grazoprevir to treat hepatitis C virus infection in persons receiving opioid agonist therapy: a randomized trial.","volume":"165","author":"Dore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"zoi240913r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa253","article-title":"Reinfection following successful direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C infection among people who inject drugs.","volume":"72","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi240913r25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.10.004","article-title":"Paritaprevir, ritonavir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir with and without ribavirin in people with HCV genotype 1 and recent injecting drug use or receiving opioid substitution therapy.","volume":"62","author":"Grebely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"zoi240913r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz693","article-title":"Low hepatitis C reinfection following direct-acting antiviral therapy among people who inject drugs on opioid agonist therapy.","volume":"70","author":"Akiyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"zoi240913r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis213","article-title":"The more you look, the more you find: effects of hepatitis C virus testing interval on reinfection incidence and clearance and implications for future vaccine study design.","volume":"205","author":"Vickerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"zoi240913r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.03.017","article-title":"Hepatitis C treatment outcomes among homeless-experienced individuals at a community health centre in Boston.","volume":"72","author":"Beiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"zoi240913r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2020.306149","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States during the years 2010 to 2018.","volume":"111","author":"Holtzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"zoi240913r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108527","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and polysubstance use among young adult people who inject drugs in a rural county of New Mexico.","volume":"220","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240913r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9359-3","article-title":"Stimulant injectors in Ukraine: the next wave of the epidemic?","volume":"12","author":"Booth","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"zoi240913r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.025","article-title":"Correlates of risky injection practices among past-year injection drug users among the US general population.","volume":"116","author":"Ropelewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"zoi240913r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac272","article-title":"High rate of hepatitis C virus reinfection among recently injecting drug users: results from the TraP Hep C program-a prospective nationwide, population-based study.","volume":"75","author":"Johannesson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7265","key":"zoi240913r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08463","article-title":"Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus.","volume":"461","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240913r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2015.12.004","article-title":"A systematic review of race and ethnicity in hepatitis C clinical trial enrollment.","volume":"108","author":"Wilder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"zoi240913r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2024.0302","article-title":"Changes in use of hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals after access restrictions were eased by state Medicaid programs.","volume":"5","author":"Davey","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"zoi240913r1","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Viral hepatitis in the United States: data and trends. Updated June 7, 2016. Accessed June 3, 2024. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/hepatitis\/learn-about-viral-hepatitis\/data-and-trends\/index.html"},{"key":"zoi240913r2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Viral hepatitis national strategic plan overview. Updated June 17, 2024. Accessed July 18, 2024. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/hepatitis\/viral-hepatitis-national-strategic-plan\/national-viral-hepatitis-action-plan-overview\/index.html"}],"container-title":["JAMA Network Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/articlepdf\/2822802\/litwin_2024_oi_240913_1723837609.86743.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T07:31:43Z","timestamp":1732692703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2822802"}},"subtitle":["Long-Term Follow-Up of the HERO Study"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.30024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-3805"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-3805","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]}}}