{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:26:28Z","timestamp":1791048388060,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>Students who ride older school buses are often exposed to high levels of exhaust during their commutes, which may adversely affect health and school attendance. As a result, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has awarded millions of dollars to school districts to replace older, highly polluting school buses with newer, cleaner buses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To leverage the EPA\u2019s randomized allocation of funding under the 2012-2016 School Bus Rebate Programs to estimate the association between replacing old, highly polluting buses and changes in district-average standardized test scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This study examined changes in reading and language arts (RLA) and math test scores among US school district applicants to the EPA\u2019s 2012-2016 national School Bus Rebate Programs 1 year before and after each lottery by selection status. Data analysis was conducted from January 15 to July 30, 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Selection to receive EPA funding to replace older school buses with newer, cleaner alternatives.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>School district changes in RLA and math test scores among students in grades 3 through 8 before and after the EPA funding lotteries by selection status were measured using an intention-to-treat approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>This study included 1941 school district applicants to the 2012-2106 EPA School Bus Rebate Programs. These districts had a mean (SD) of 14.6 (33.7) schools per district, 8755 (23\u202f776) students per district, and 41.3% (20.2%) of students with free lunch eligibility. Among the applicants, 209 districts (11%) were selected for the clean bus funding. District-average student test scores did not improve among selected districts overall. In secondary analyses, however, districts replacing the oldest, highest polluting buses (ie, pre-1990) experienced significantly greater improvements in district-average test scores in the year after the lottery for RLA and math (SD improvement in test scores, 0.062 [95% CI, 0.050-0.074] and 0.025 [95% CI, 0.011-0.039], respectively) compared with districts without replacements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this study, the EPA funding was not associated with student test scores overall, but in secondary analyses, the replacement of the oldest school buses was associated with improved educational performance. These findings support prioritizing clean bus replacement of the oldest buses as an actionable way for improving students\u2019 educational performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T15:01:08Z","timestamp":1710946868000},"page":"e243121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["School Bus Rebate Program and Student Educational Performance Test Scores"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Meredith","family":"Pedde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Szpiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard 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