{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T23:36:11Z","timestamp":1792712171263,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n \n West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of human arboviral disease in the US, peaking during summer. The incidence of WNV, including its neuroinvasive form (NWNV), is increasing, largely due to the expanding distribution of its vector, the\n Culex<\/jats:italic>\n mosquito, and climatic changes causing heavy monsoon rains. However, the distinct characteristics and outcomes of NWNV in individuals who are immunosuppressed (IS) and individuals who are not IS remain underexplored.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To describe and compare clinical and radiographic features, treatment responses, and outcomes of NWNV infection in individuals who are IS and those who are not IS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective cohort study used data from the Mayo Clinic Hospital system collected from July 2006 to December 2021. Participants were adult patients (age \u226518 years) with established diagnosis of NWNV infection. Data were analyzed from May 12, 2020, to July 20, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Exposure<\/jats:title>\n Immunosuppresion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>\n Outcomes of interest were clinical and radiographic features and 90-day mortality among patients with and without IS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 115 participants with NWNV infection (mean [SD] age, 64 [16] years; 75 [66%] male) enrolled, 72 (63%) were not IS and 43 (37%) were IS. Neurologic manifestations were meningoencephalitis (98 patients [85%]), encephalitis (10 patients [9%]), and myeloradiculitis (7 patients [6%]). Patients without IS, compared with those with IS, more frequently reported headache (45 patients [63%] vs 18 patients [42%]) and myalgias (32 patients [44%] vs 9 patients [21%]). In contrast, patients with IS, compared with those without, had higher rates of altered mental status (33 patients [77%] vs 41 patients [57%]) and myoclonus (8 patients [19%] vs 8 patients [4%]). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed more frequent thalamic T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensities in individuals with IS than those without (4 patients [11%] vs 0 patients). Individuals with IS had more severe disease requiring higher rates of intensive care unit admission (26 patients [61%] vs 24 patients [33%]) and mechanical ventilation (24 patients [56%] vs 22 patients [31%]). The 90-day all-cause mortality rate was higher in the patients with IS compared with patients without IS (12 patients [28%] vs 5 patients [7%]), and this difference in mortality persisted after adjusting for Glasgow Coma Scale score (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.07-4.27;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.03). Individuals with IS were more likely to receive intravenous immunoglobulin than individuals without IS (12 individuals [17%] vs 24 individuals [56%]), but its use was not associated with survival (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.50-3.09;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009.64).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>\n In this cohort study of individuals with NWNV infection, individuals with IS had a higher risk of disease complications and poor outcomes than individuals without IS, highlighting the need for innovative and effective therapies to improve outcomes in this high-risk population.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1711623976000},"page":"e244294","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection in Immunosuppressed and Immunocompetent Adults"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Amir A.","family":"Mbonde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab Y.","family":"Harahsheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabirah N.","family":"Kasule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shemonti","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OhioHealth Physicians Group, Columbus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Butterfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harn","family":"Shiue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Norville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna L.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holenarasipur R.","family":"Vikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie F.","family":"Grill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Phoenix, Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"zoi240189r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7001a1","article-title":"Surveillance for West Nile virus disease\u2014United States, 2009-2018.","volume":"70","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill 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