{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:38:14Z","timestamp":1791423494867,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Medical Association (AMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAMA Netw Open"],"abstract":"Importance<\/jats:title>The effects of prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection on child development throughout the first 2 years of life are unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objective<\/jats:title>To evaluate whether prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with child neurodevelopmental outcomes during the first 2 years of life.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Design, Setting, and Participants<\/jats:title>This cohort study used data from the longitudinal, population-based pan-Canadian Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic cohort, which recruited participants from April 2020 to July 2022. Children were categorized as exposed to prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection if their birthing parent had a positive polymerase chain reaction test performed by a health authority or as a healthy negative comparison if their birthing parent did not have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in their postpartum dried blood spot sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Exposure<\/jats:title>Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Outcomes and Measures<\/jats:title>The birthing parent reported on their child\u2019s temperament at ages 6 and 24 months, developmental milestones at ages 12 and 24 months, and social-emotional milestones at ages 12 and 24 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A total of 896 children were included, with 96 children who had been exposed to a prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean [SD] gestational age at birth, 39.20 [1.50] weeks; 45 [47%] male) and 800 were healthy negative comparisons (mean [SD] gestational age at birth, 39.47 [1.54] weeks; 388 [49%] male). In analyses of covariance adjusted for prepregnancy medical conditions and household socioeconomic status, prenatal exposure to SARS CoV-2 infection was associated with slightly higher regulatory control scores, indicating more regulation, at age 6 months (difference in means, 0.19 [95% CI, 0.02-0.36]; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03; \u03b7p<\/jats:sub>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.01). No significant differences were observed for the other neurodevelopmental outcomes. In mixed models adjusted for the same covariates that aimed to examine change in outcomes over time, prenatal SARS-CoV-2 infection exposure was not associated with developmental change in any neurodevelopmental outcomes between ages 6 and 24 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions and Relevance<\/jats:title>In this longitudinal cohort study of multiple aspects of child neurodevelopment between ages 6 and 24 months, negligible associations between prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and child outcomes were observed. Follow-up research is warranted to determine whether these predominantly null effects persist into later childhood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.43697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T16:31:57Z","timestamp":1730997117000},"page":"e2443697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Neurodevelopment in the First 2 Years of Life Following Prenatal Exposure to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1001","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Daphne M.","family":"Vrantsidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"van de Wouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily R. 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